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Pathway Description
Hyperinsulinism-Hyperammonemia Syndrome
Rattus norvegicus
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Disease
Created: 2018-09-10
Last Updated: 2019-08-16
Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome (HHS; Glutamate dehydrogenase 1; GLUD1), an inherited condition, is caused by a defect in the GLUD1 gene which codes for mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase 1. It is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme, with a key role in the nitrogen and glutamate (Glu) metabolism and the energy homeostasis. An excessive activity of this enzyme results in high insulin and ammonia levels in blood; decrease level of glucose in blood. Symptoms and signs include shakiness, weakness, seizure, rapid pulse and confusion. Maintain normoglycemia is essencial to prevent neurologic damage. Some medications can be used to suppress insulin secretion.
References
Hyperinsulinism-Hyperammonemia Syndrome References
Palladino AA, Stanley CA: The hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2010 Sep;11(3):171-8. doi: 10.1007/s11154-010-9146-0.
Pubmed: 20936362
Glutamate Metabolism References
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Pubmed: 15489334
Smith EM, Watford M: Molecular cloning of a cDNA for rat hepatic glutaminase. Sequence similarity to kidney-type glutaminase. J Biol Chem. 1990 Jun 25;265(18):10631-6.
Pubmed: 2191954
Huynh QK, Gulve EA, Dian T: Purification and characterization of glutamine:fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase from rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000 Jul 15;379(2):307-13. doi: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1895.
Pubmed: 10898949
Lundby A, Secher A, Lage K, Nordsborg NB, Dmytriyev A, Lundby C, Olsen JV: Quantitative maps of protein phosphorylation sites across 14 different rat organs and tissues. Nat Commun. 2012 Jun 6;3:876. doi: 10.1038/ncomms1871.
Pubmed: 22673903
Gibbs RA, Weinstock GM, Metzker ML, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, Scherer S, Scott G, Steffen D, Worley KC, Burch PE, Okwuonu G, Hines S, Lewis L, DeRamo C, Delgado O, Dugan-Rocha S, Miner G, Morgan M, Hawes A, Gill R, Celera, Holt RA, Adams MD, Amanatides PG, Baden-Tillson H, Barnstead M, Chin S, Evans CA, Ferriera S, Fosler C, Glodek A, Gu Z, Jennings D, Kraft CL, Nguyen T, Pfannkoch CM, Sitter C, Sutton GG, Venter JC, Woodage T, Smith D, Lee HM, Gustafson E, Cahill P, Kana A, Doucette-Stamm L, Weinstock K, Fechtel K, Weiss RB, Dunn DM, Green ED, Blakesley RW, Bouffard GG, De Jong PJ, Osoegawa K, Zhu B, Marra M, Schein J, Bosdet I, Fjell C, Jones S, Krzywinski M, Mathewson C, Siddiqui A, Wye N, McPherson J, Zhao S, Fraser CM, Shetty J, Shatsman S, Geer K, Chen Y, Abramzon S, Nierman WC, Havlak PH, Chen R, Durbin KJ, Egan A, Ren Y, Song XZ, Li B, Liu Y, Qin X, Cawley S, Worley KC, Cooney AJ, D'Souza LM, Martin K, Wu JQ, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Jackson AR, Kalafus KJ, McLeod MP, Milosavljevic A, Virk D, Volkov A, Wheeler DA, Zhang Z, Bailey JA, Eichler EE, Tuzun E, Birney E, Mongin E, Ureta-Vidal A, Woodwark C, Zdobnov E, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Alexandersson M, Trask BJ, Young JM, Huang H, Wang H, Xing H, Daniels S, Gietzen D, Schmidt J, Stevens K, Vitt U, Wingrove J, Camara F, Mar Alba M, Abril JF, Guigo R, Smit A, Dubchak I, Rubin EM, Couronne O, Poliakov A, Hubner N, Ganten D, Goesele C, Hummel O, Kreitler T, Lee YA, Monti J, Schulz H, Zimdahl H, Himmelbauer H, Lehrach H, Jacob HJ, Bromberg S, Gullings-Handley J, Jensen-Seaman MI, Kwitek AE, Lazar J, Pasko D, Tonellato PJ, Twigger S, Ponting CP, Duarte JM, Rice S, Goodstadt L, Beatson SA, Emes RD, Winter EE, Webber C, Brandt P, Nyakatura G, Adetobi M, Chiaromonte F, Elnitski L, Eswara P, Hardison RC, Hou M, Kolbe D, Makova K, Miller W, Nekrutenko A, Riemer C, Schwartz S, Taylor J, Yang S, Zhang Y, Lindpaintner K, Andrews TD, Caccamo M, Clamp M, Clarke L, Curwen V, Durbin R, Eyras E, Searle SM, Cooper GM, Batzoglou S, Brudno M, Sidow A, Stone EA, Venter JC, Payseur BA, Bourque G, Lopez-Otin C, Puente XS, Chakrabarti K, Chatterji S, Dewey C, Pachter L, Bray N, Yap VB, Caspi A, Tesler G, Pevzner PA, Haussler D, Roskin KM, Baertsch R, Clawson H, Furey TS, Hinrichs AS, Karolchik D, Kent WJ, Rosenbloom KR, Trumbower H, Weirauch M, Cooper DN, Stenson PD, Ma B, Brent M, Arumugam M, Shteynberg D, Copley RR, Taylor MS, Riethman H, Mudunuri U, Peterson J, Guyer M, Felsenfeld A, Old S, Mockrin S, Collins F: Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution. Nature. 2004 Apr 1;428(6982):493-521. doi: 10.1038/nature02426.
Pubmed: 15057822
Florea L, Di Francesco V, Miller J, Turner R, Yao A, Harris M, Walenz B, Mobarry C, Merkulov GV, Charlab R, Dew I, Deng Z, Istrail S, Li P, Sutton G: Gene and alternative splicing annotation with AIR. Genome Res. 2005 Jan;15(1):54-66. doi: 10.1101/gr.2889405.
Pubmed: 15632090
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Nyunoya H, Broglie KE, Widgren EE, Lusty CJ: Characterization and derivation of the gene coding for mitochondrial carbamyl phosphate synthetase I of rat. J Biol Chem. 1985 Aug 5;260(16):9346-56.
Pubmed: 2991241
Lagace M, Howell BW, Burak R, Lusty CJ, Shore GC: Rat carbamyl-phosphate synthetase I gene. Promoter sequence and tissue-specific transcriptional regulation in vitro. J Biol Chem. 1987 Aug 5;262(22):10415-8.
Pubmed: 3038878
Pekkala S, Martinez AI, Barcelona B, Gallego J, Bendala E, Yefimenko I, Rubio V, Cervera J: Structural insight on the control of urea synthesis: identification of the binding site for N-acetyl-L-glutamate, the essential allosteric activator of mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. Biochem J. 2009 Nov 11;424(2):211-20. doi: 10.1042/BJ20090888.
Pubmed: 19754428
Iwahana H, Yamaoka T, Mizutani M, Mizusawa N, Ii S, Yoshimoto K, Itakura M: Molecular cloning of rat amidophosphoribosyltransferase. J Biol Chem. 1993 Apr 5;268(10):7225-37.
Pubmed: 8463258
Iwahana H, Honda S, Tsujisawa T, Takahashi Y, Adzuma K, Katashima R, Yamaoka T, Moritani M, Yoshimoto K, Itakura M: Rat genomic structure of amidophosphoribosyltransferase, cDNA sequence of aminoimidazole ribonucleotide carboxylase, and cell cycle-dependent expression of these two physically linked genes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 Apr 26;1261(3):369-80. doi: 10.1016/0167-4781(95)00036-g.
Pubmed: 7742366
Ishiguro M, Suzuki M, Takio K, Matsuzawa T, Titani K: Complete amino acid sequence of rat liver cytosolic alanine aminotransferase. Biochemistry. 1991 Jun 18;30(24):6048-53. doi: 10.1021/bi00238a031.
Pubmed: 2043642
This pathway was propagated using PathWhiz -
Pon, A. et al. Pathways with PathWhiz (2015) Nucleic Acids Res. 43(Web Server issue): W552–W559.
Propagated from SMP0000339
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