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Pathway Description
DOPA-Responsive Dystonia
Rattus norvegicus
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Disease
Created: 2018-09-10
Last Updated: 2019-09-15
DOPA-Responsive Dystonia is a condition in which the muscles contract, experience tremors and uncontrolled movements (dystonia). Some cases are mild, while others can be severe. The beginning signs of this condition are dystonia in the legs, and clubfeet. The cause of this condition is usually a mutation in the GCH1 gene, but can sometimes be attributed to mutations in the TH or SPR genes. Tetrahydrobiopterin is an important compound in the production of neurotransmitters, specifically dopamine and serotonin, and the processing of quite a few amino acids, The mutation on GCH1 causes GTP cyclohydrase production to be reduced or absent which causes the first three steps of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis to be compromised. The mutation on the SPR gene affects tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis by interfering with the production of sepiapterin reductase, which is needed to complete the final step of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. The TH gene mutation also affects dopamine production through the decreased function of an enzyme called tyrosine hydroxylase, which is responsible for converting tyrosine to dopamine. Dopamine is imperative in maintaining smooth muscle movements, which is why patients with DOPA-responive dystonia experience tremors and movement problems.
References
DOPA-Responsive Dystonia References
Wijemanne S, Jankovic J: Dopa-responsive dystonia--clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015 Jul;11(7):414-24. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.86. Epub 2015 Jun 23.
Pubmed: 26100751
Rose SJ, Yu XY, Heinzer AK, Harrast P, Fan X, Raike RS, Thompson VB, Pare JF, Weinshenker D, Smith Y, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ: A new knock-in mouse model of l-DOPA-responsive dystonia. Brain. 2015 Oct;138(Pt 10):2987-3002. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv212. Epub 2015 Jul 27.
Pubmed: 26220941
Pterine Biosynthesis References
Hatakeyama K, Inoue Y, Harada T, Kagamiyama H: Cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding rat GTP cyclohydrolase I. The first enzyme of the tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic pathway. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jan 15;266(2):765-9.
Pubmed: 1985963
Imazumi K, Sasaki T, Takahashi K, Takai Y: Identification of a rabphilin-3A-interacting protein as GTP cyclohydrolase I in PC12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Dec 15;205(2):1409-16. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2822.
Pubmed: 7802677
Hatakeyama K, Harada T, Suzuki S, Watanabe Y, Kagamiyama H: Purification and characterization of rat liver GTP cyclohydrolase I. Cooperative binding of GTP to the enzyme. J Biol Chem. 1989 Dec 25;264(36):21660-4.
Pubmed: 2557335
Milstien S, Jaffe H, Kowlessur D, Bonner TI: Purification and cloning of the GTP cyclohydrolase I feedback regulatory protein, GFRP. J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 16;271(33):19743-51. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.33.19743.
Pubmed: 8702680
Yoneyama T, Brewer JM, Hatakeyama K: GTP cyclohydrolase I feedback regulatory protein is a pentamer of identical subunits. Purification, cDNA cloning, and bacterial expression. J Biol Chem. 1997 Apr 11;272(15):9690-6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.15.9690.
Pubmed: 9092499
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. doi: 10.1101/gr.2596504.
Pubmed: 15489334
Inoue Y, Kawasaki Y, Harada T, Hatakeyama K, Kagamiyama H: Purification and cDNA cloning of rat 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase. J Biol Chem. 1991 Nov 5;266(31):20791-6.
Pubmed: 1939130
Nar H, Huber R, Heizmann CW, Thony B, Burgisser D: Three-dimensional structure of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase, an enzyme involved in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. EMBO J. 1994 Mar 15;13(6):1255-62.
Pubmed: 8137809
This pathway was propagated using PathWhiz -
Pon, A. et al. Pathways with PathWhiz (2015) Nucleic Acids Res. 43(Web Server issue): W552–W559.
Propagated from SMP0000486
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