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Pathway Description
Fatty Acid Elongation
Drosophila melanogaster
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2019-02-06
Last Updated: 2023-10-28
Fatty acids are formed from acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates. Saturated fatty acids are produced, up to 16 carbons in length, which may then be modified further. Additionally, these fatty acids may combine with differing types of bonds to form triacylglycerols or phospholipids.
This pathway starts with acetyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA, a coenzyme A activated form of butyric acid, a 4-carbon fatty acid. The acetyl group is added to the chain by an acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, which forms 3-oxohexanoyl-CoA. The 3-oxohexanoyl-CoA then reversibly has a hydrogen added by 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 to form (S)-hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA. A reaction then occurs that removes a water molecule from the compound using enoyl-CoA hydratase, forming trans-2-hexenoyl-CoA. Finally, trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase removes a hydrogen, leaving the final product, hexanoyl-CoA.
Following the formation of hexanoyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase then adds an acetyl group to it, forming 3-oxooctanoyl-CoA. The same reactions occur to transform this eventually into octanoyl-CoA. Octanoyl-CoA then has an acetyl group added to it, eventually leading to the production of decanoyl-CoA, lauroyl-CoA, tetradecanoyl-CoA and finally the 16 carbon hexadecanoyl-CoA.
Finally, hexadecanoyl is transported out of the mitochondrion and into the lysosome, where palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 catalyzes its reversible reaction with a water molecule that removes the CoA group and forms palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is the final product of this pathway, and it is involved in the fatty acid degradation pathway.
References
Fatty Acid Elongation References
Seubert W, Lamberts I, Kramer R, Ohly B: On the mechanism of malonyl-CoA-independent fatty acid synthesis. I. The mechanism of elongation of long-chain fatty acids by acetyl-CoA. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1968 Dec 18;164(3):498-517.
Pubmed: 4387390
El-Fakhri M, Middleton B: The existence of an inner-membrane-bound, long acyl-chain-specific 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase in mammalian mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982 Nov 12;713(2):270-9.
Pubmed: 7150615
Cassagne C, Lessire R, Bessoule JJ, Moreau P, Creach A, Schneider F, Sturbois B: Biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids in higher plants. Prog Lipid Res. 1994;33(1-2):55-69.
Pubmed: 8190743
Jakobsson A, Westerberg R, Jacobsson A: Fatty acid elongases in mammals: their regulation and roles in metabolism. Prog Lipid Res. 2006 May;45(3):237-49. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2006.01.004. Epub 2006 Mar 6.
Pubmed: 16564093
Blacklock BJ, Jaworski JG: Substrate specificity of Arabidopsis 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Jul 28;346(2):583-90. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.162.
Pubmed: 16765910
Shepherd T, Wynne Griffiths D: The effects of stress on plant cuticular waxes. New Phytol. 2006;171(3):469-99. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01826.x.
Pubmed: 16866954
Riezman H: The long and short of fatty acid synthesis. Cell. 2007 Aug 24;130(4):587-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.008.
Pubmed: 17719534
Raffaele S, Leger A, Roby D: Very long chain fatty acid and lipid signaling in the response of plants to pathogens. Plant Signal Behav. 2009 Feb;4(2):94-9.
Pubmed: 19649180
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Pubmed: 10731132
Celniker SE, Wheeler DA, Kronmiller B, Carlson JW, Halpern A, Patel S, Adams M, Champe M, Dugan SP, Frise E, Hodgson A, George RA, Hoskins RA, Laverty T, Muzny DM, Nelson CR, Pacleb JM, Park S, Pfeiffer BD, Richards S, Sodergren EJ, Svirskas R, Tabor PE, Wan K, Stapleton M, Sutton GG, Venter C, Weinstock G, Scherer SE, Myers EW, Gibbs RA, Rubin GM: Finishing a whole-genome shotgun: release 3 of the Drosophila melanogaster euchromatic genome sequence. Genome Biol. 2002;3(12):RESEARCH0079. doi: 10.1186/gb-2002-3-12-research0079. Epub 2002 Dec 23.
Pubmed: 12537568
Misra S, Crosby MA, Mungall CJ, Matthews BB, Campbell KS, Hradecky P, Huang Y, Kaminker JS, Millburn GH, Prochnik SE, Smith CD, Tupy JL, Whitfied EJ, Bayraktaroglu L, Berman BP, Bettencourt BR, Celniker SE, de Grey AD, Drysdale RA, Harris NL, Richter J, Russo S, Schroeder AJ, Shu SQ, Stapleton M, Yamada C, Ashburner M, Gelbart WM, Rubin GM, Lewis SE: Annotation of the Drosophila melanogaster euchromatic genome: a systematic review. Genome Biol. 2002;3(12):RESEARCH0083. doi: 10.1186/gb-2002-3-12-research0083. Epub 2002 Dec 31.
Pubmed: 12537572
Torroja L, Ortuno-Sahagun D, Ferrus A, Hammerle B, Barbas JA: scully, an essential gene of Drosophila, is homologous to mammalian mitochondrial type II L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/amyloid-beta peptide-binding protein. J Cell Biol. 1998 May 18;141(4):1009-17. doi: 10.1083/jcb.141.4.1009.
Pubmed: 9585418
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