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Pathway Description
Gibberellin and Gibberellin Precursor Biosynthesis Pathway
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2020-01-11
Last Updated: 2020-04-23
A gibberellin is a plant hormone that is necessary for many functions within a plant. Some of these functions include shoot length, cell division, and bolting induction. This pathway shows the biosynthesis of gibberellin precursors, within the larger diterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. It begins with geranygeranyl-PP, synthesized from Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, using the enzyme ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase to create ent-copalyl diphosphate. From here, ent-copalyl diphosphate uses ent-kaur-16-ene synthase to create ent-kaurene. Ent-kaurene continues this pathway, teaming up with ent-kaurene oxidase to produce ent-16-kauren-19-ol. Ent-kaurene oxidase is used again in combination with ent-16-kauren-19-ol to synthesize ent-16-kauren-19-al. The enzyme ent-kaurene oxidase is used once more, to create ent-kaurenoate. At this point in the pathway, the reactions begin to take place in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Here, ent-kaurenoae oxidase converts ent-kaurenoate into 7-hydroxy-kaurenoic acid. This acid then uses ent-kaurenoate oxidase again to become gibberellin A12 aldehyde. Exiting the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, gibberellin A12 uses gibberellin 20 oxidase 4 to produce gibberellin A15. The reactions continue, still using gibberellin 20 oxidase 4 to create gibberellin A24, and subsequently gibberellin A9. After this, gibberellin a9 is converted to gibberellin a51 through the enzyme gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase 6. Gibberellin A51 then uses this same enzyme to create a gibberellin A51-catabolite. There are many offshoots in this pathway that are not described in detail, but all assume a similar chain of reactions and ultimately result in the production of different gibberellin catabolites.
References
Gibberellin and Gibberellin Precursor Biosynthesis Pathway References
Sun TP: Gibberellin metabolism, perception and signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis Book. 2008;6:e0103. doi: 10.1199/tab.0103. Epub 2008 Sep 24.
Pubmed: 22303234
Wang B, Si W, Wu Y, Zhang X, Wang S, Wu C, Lin H, Yin L: [Research progress in biosynthesis and metabolism regulation of gibberellins in Gibberella fujikuroi]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2020 Feb 25;36(2):189-200. doi: 10.13345/j.cjb.190194.
Pubmed: 32147992
Helliwell CA, Sheldon CC, Olive MR, Walker AR, Zeevaart JA, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES: Cloning of the Arabidopsis ent-kaurene oxidase gene GA3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jul 21;95(15):9019-24. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.15.9019.
Pubmed: 9671797
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Pubmed: 11130714
Cheng CY, Krishnakumar V, Chan AP, Thibaud-Nissen F, Schobel S, Town CD: Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome. Plant J. 2017 Feb;89(4):789-804. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13415. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Pubmed: 27862469
Helliwell CA, Chandler PM, Poole A, Dennis ES, Peacock WJ: The CYP88A cytochrome P450, ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase, catalyzes three steps of the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Feb 13;98(4):2065-70. doi: 10.1073/pnas.041588998. Epub 2001 Feb 6.
Pubmed: 11172076
Theologis A, Ecker JR, Palm CJ, Federspiel NA, Kaul S, White O, Alonso J, Altafi H, Araujo R, Bowman CL, Brooks SY, Buehler E, Chan A, Chao Q, Chen H, Cheuk RF, Chin CW, Chung MK, Conn L, Conway AB, Conway AR, Creasy TH, Dewar K, Dunn P, Etgu P, Feldblyum TV, Feng J, Fong B, Fujii CY, Gill JE, Goldsmith AD, Haas B, Hansen NF, Hughes B, Huizar L, Hunter JL, Jenkins J, Johnson-Hopson C, Khan S, Khaykin E, Kim CJ, Koo HL, Kremenetskaia I, Kurtz DB, Kwan A, Lam B, Langin-Hooper S, Lee A, Lee JM, Lenz CA, Li JH, Li Y, Lin X, Liu SX, Liu ZA, Luros JS, Maiti R, Marziali A, Militscher J, Miranda M, Nguyen M, Nierman WC, Osborne BI, Pai G, Peterson J, Pham PK, Rizzo M, Rooney T, Rowley D, Sakano H, Salzberg SL, Schwartz JR, Shinn P, Southwick AM, Sun H, Tallon LJ, Tambunga G, Toriumi MJ, Town CD, Utterback T, Van Aken S, Vaysberg M, Vysotskaia VS, Walker M, Wu D, Yu G, Fraser CM, Venter JC, Davis RW: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):816-20. doi: 10.1038/35048500.
Pubmed: 11130712
Mitchum MG, Yamaguchi S, Hanada A, Kuwahara A, Yoshioka Y, Kato T, Tabata S, Kamiya Y, Sun TP: Distinct and overlapping roles of two gibberellin 3-oxidases in Arabidopsis development. Plant J. 2006 Mar;45(5):804-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02642.x.
Pubmed: 16460513
Matsushita A, Furumoto T, Ishida S, Takahashi Y: AGF1, an AT-hook protein, is necessary for the negative feedback of AtGA3ox1 encoding GA 3-oxidase. Plant Physiol. 2007 Mar;143(3):1152-62. doi: 10.1104/pp.106.093542. Epub 2007 Feb 2.
Pubmed: 17277098
Chiang HH, Hwang I, Goodman HM: Isolation of the Arabidopsis GA4 locus. Plant Cell. 1995 Feb;7(2):195-201. doi: 10.1105/tpc.7.2.195.
Pubmed: 7756830
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