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Pathway Description
Taurine & Hypotaurine Metabolism
Drosophila melanogaster
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2020-06-09
Last Updated: 2023-10-28
Taurine and hypotaurine are aminosulfinic acids. Taurine has many physiological functions as neuromodulators, membrane stabilizers, facilitator of ion transport and aiding auditory transduction. Hypotaurine has roles such as antioxidant and a protective agent. Taurine and hypotaurine are synthesized from L-cysteine. L-Cysteine is involved in cyanoacid metabolism and glutathione metabolism. L-Cysteine goes through redox reactions, elimination reactions and other metabolism pathways to eventually form taurine and hypotaurine. L-Cysteine is converted to cysteamine, which can then form hypotaurine through the enzyme cysteamine dioxygenase. L-Cysteine can also be converted to 3-sulfinoalanine through the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase. Hypotaurine can then be formed from the enzymes glutamate decarboxylase and sulfinoalanine decarboxylase acting on 3-sulfinoalanine. 3-sulfinoalanine can form taurine by first converting to L-cysteate. L-Cysteate is then metabolized to taurine via glutamate decarboxylase and sulfinoalanine decarboxylase. The hypotaurine formed in this pathway can be metabolised to taurine, then taurine is metabolised to 5-L-glutamyl-taurine by reacting with (5-L-glutamyl)-peptide via the enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. Taurine can also undergo excretion from the organism.
References
Taurine & Hypotaurine Metabolism References
Fabregat A, Sidiropoulos K, Viteri G, Marin-Garcia P, Ping P, Stein L, D'Eustachio P, Hermjakob H. Reactome diagram viewer: data structures and strategies to boost performance. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England). 2018 Apr;34(7) 1208-1214. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx752. PubMed PMID: 29186351. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6030826.
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. Taurine, CID=1123, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Taurine (accessed on June 13, 2020)
Lin FJ, Pierce MM, Sehgal A, Wu T, Skipper DC, Chabba R: Effect of taurine and caffeine on sleep-wake activity in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Sci Sleep. 2010 Sep 24;2:221-31. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S13034. Print 2010.
Pubmed: 23616711
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. Hypotaurine, CID=107812, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Hypotaurine (accessed on June 13, 2020)
Sun, Y., Jia, Y., Guo, Y. et al. Taurine Transporter dEAAT2 is Required for Auditory Transduction in Drosophila. Neurosci. Bull. 34, 939–950 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-018-0255-1
Jackson FR, Newby LM, Kulkarni SJ: Drosophila GABAergic systems: sequence and expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase. J Neurochem. 1990 Mar;54(3):1068-78. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb02359.x.
Pubmed: 1689376
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Pubmed: 10731132
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Pubmed: 12537572
Celniker SE, Wheeler DA, Kronmiller B, Carlson JW, Halpern A, Patel S, Adams M, Champe M, Dugan SP, Frise E, Hodgson A, George RA, Hoskins RA, Laverty T, Muzny DM, Nelson CR, Pacleb JM, Park S, Pfeiffer BD, Richards S, Sodergren EJ, Svirskas R, Tabor PE, Wan K, Stapleton M, Sutton GG, Venter C, Weinstock G, Scherer SE, Myers EW, Gibbs RA, Rubin GM: Finishing a whole-genome shotgun: release 3 of the Drosophila melanogaster euchromatic genome sequence. Genome Biol. 2002;3(12):RESEARCH0079. doi: 10.1186/gb-2002-3-12-research0079. Epub 2002 Dec 23.
Pubmed: 12537568
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