Loading Pathway...
Error: Pathway image not found.
Hide
Pathway Description
Dopamine Action Pathway
Homo sapiens
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Drug Action
Created: 2022-02-16
Last Updated: 2023-10-25
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that can be taken as a tablet for hemodynamic imbalances caused by many heart problems and diseases. Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine in the sympathetic nervous system. Dopamine enters the sympathetic neuron through a sodium-dependent dopamine transporter.. In the neuron, it is catalyzed by Dopamine beta-hydroxylase to synthesize norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is stored in synaptic storage sites where norepinephrine was already being stored. When the neuron is depolarized, this accumulation of norepinephrine is released into the synapse. In the synapse, dopamine prevents the re-uptake of norepinephrine by inhibiting Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter. The norepinephrine activates Beta-1 adrenergic receptor which is coupled to the G-protein signalling cascade. Activation of the receptor activates the cascade which leads to activated protein kinase through activation of adenylate cyclase. Protein kinase activates calcium channels in the membrane, causing the channels to open and allow Ca2+ into the cell. This causes a high concentration of Ca2+ to be present in the cardiomyocyte which activates activates the ryanodine receptor on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This transports more Ca2+ into the cytosol. The high concentration of Ca2+ binds to troponin to cause cardiac muscle contractions and therefore, an increased heart rate.
This helps conditions like Arrhythmia, myocardial infarctions, open-heart surgery, and trauma-induced hypotension. Dopamine has also been found to increase the amount of circulating epinephrine which can activate the release of norepinephrine in the heart, further increasing heart contractions.
Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier so it is incapable of activating any dopamine receptors in the brain. It can only access the receptors present outside the brain which is why the drug mainly works through norepinephrine in noradrenergic neurons outside the brain, and especially in the heart. Low doses of dopamine cause vasodilation while can help with renal failure and related conditions.
References
Dopamine Pathway References
Klaus Schoellkopf, Rudolf Albrecht, Manfred Lehmann, Gertrud Schroeder, "Novel dopamine derivatives, processes for their preparation, and their use as medicinal agents." U.S. Patent US4958026, issued February, 1972.
Garland EM, Black BK, Harris PA, Robertson D: Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in postural tachycardia syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 Jul;293(1):H684-90.
Pyatskowit JW, Prohaska JR: Rodent brain and heart catecholamine levels are altered by different models of copper deficiency. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2007 Mar;145(2):275-81. Epub 2007 Jan 12.
LeBlanc J, Ducharme MB: Plasma dopamine and noradrenaline variations in response to stress. Physiol Behav. 2007 Jun 8;91(2-3):208-11. Epub 2007 Mar 2.
Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Dersch CM, Romero DV, Rice KC, Carroll FI, Partilla JS: Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin. Synapse. 2001 Jan;39(1):32-41.
El-Armouche A, Eschenhagen T: Beta-adrenergic stimulation and myocardial function in the failing heart. Heart Fail Rev. 2009 Dec;14(4):225-41. doi: 10.1007/s10741-008-9132-8.
Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Guo AC, Lo EJ, Marcu A, Grant JR, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Sayeeda Z, Assempour N, Iynkkaran I, Liu Y, Maciejewski A, Gale N, Wilson A, Chin L, Cummings R, Le D, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M: DrugBank 5.0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D1074-D1082. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1037.
Pubmed: 29126136
Williams HJ, Bray N, Murphy KC, Cardno AG, Jones LA, Owen MJ: No evidence for allelic association between schizophrenia and a functional variant of the human dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene (DBH). Am J Med Genet. 1999 Oct 15;88(5):557-9.
Pubmed: 10490716
Humphray SJ, Oliver K, Hunt AR, Plumb RW, Loveland JE, Howe KL, Andrews TD, Searle S, Hunt SE, Scott CE, Jones MC, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Babbage S, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Barker DJ, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beasley H, Beasley O, Bird CP, Bray-Allen S, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford D, Burrill W, Burton J, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Chen Y, Clarke G, Clark SY, Clee CM, Clegg S, Collier RE, Corby N, Crosier M, Cummings AT, Davies J, Dhami P, Dunn M, Dutta I, Dyer LW, Earthrowl ME, Faulkner L, Fleming CJ, Frankish A, Frankland JA, French L, Fricker DG, Garner P, Garnett J, Ghori J, Gilbert JG, Glison C, Grafham DV, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock R, Guy J, Hall RE, Hammond S, Harley JL, Harrison ES, Hart EA, Heath PD, Henderson CD, Hopkins BL, Howard PJ, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Johnson C, Johnson D, Joy AA, Kay M, Keenan S, Kershaw JK, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights A, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Leversha M, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Matthews L, McLaren S, McLay KE, McMurray A, Milne S, Nickerson T, Nisbett J, Nordsiek G, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Porter KM, Pandian R, Pelan S, Phillimore B, Povey S, Ramsey Y, Rand V, Scharfe M, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Sims SK, Skuce CD, Smith M, Steward CA, Swarbreck D, Sycamore N, Tester J, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans A, Thomas DW, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, Whitehead SL, Willey DL, Williams SA, Wilming L, Wray PW, Young L, Ashurst JL, Coulson A, Blocker H, Durbin R, Sulston JE, Hubbard T, Jackson MJ, Bentley DR, Beck S, Rogers J, Dunham I: DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9. Nature. 2004 May 27;429(6990):369-74. doi: 10.1038/nature02465.
Pubmed: 15164053
Lamouroux A, Vigny A, Faucon Biguet N, Darmon MC, Franck R, Henry JP, Mallet J: The primary structure of human dopamine-beta-hydroxylase: insights into the relationship between the soluble and the membrane-bound forms of the enzyme. EMBO J. 1987 Dec 20;6(13):3931-7.
Pubmed: 3443096
Surratt CK, Persico AM, Yang XD, Edgar SR, Bird GS, Hawkins AL, Griffin CA, Li X, Jabs EW, Uhl GR: A human synaptic vesicle monoamine transporter cDNA predicts posttranslational modifications, reveals chromosome 10 gene localization and identifies TaqI RFLPs. FEBS Lett. 1993 Mar 8;318(3):325-30. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80539-7.
Pubmed: 8095030
Erickson JD, Eiden LE: Functional identification and molecular cloning of a human brain vesicle monoamine transporter. J Neurochem. 1993 Dec;61(6):2314-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb07476.x.
Pubmed: 8245983
Peter D, Finn JP, Klisak I, Liu Y, Kojis T, Heinzmann C, Roghani A, Sparkes RS, Edwards RH: Chromosomal localization of the human vesicular amine transporter genes. Genomics. 1993 Dec;18(3):720-3.
Pubmed: 7905859
Pacholczyk T, Blakely RD, Amara SG: Expression cloning of a cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive human noradrenaline transporter. Nature. 1991 Mar 28;350(6316):350-4. doi: 10.1038/350350a0.
Pubmed: 2008212
Porzgen P, Bonisch H, Bruss M: Molecular cloning and organization of the coding region of the human norepinephrine transporter gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Oct 24;215(3):1145-50. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.2582.
Pubmed: 7488042
Porzgen P, Bonisch H, Hammermann R, Bruss M: The human noradrenaline transporter gene contains multiple polyadenylation sites and two alternatively spliced C-terminal exons. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Jul 9;1398(3):365-70. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00072-4.
Pubmed: 9655936
Vandenbergh DJ, Persico AM, Uhl GR: A human dopamine transporter cDNA predicts reduced glycosylation, displays a novel repetitive element and provides racially-dimorphic TaqI RFLPs. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1992 Sep;15(1-2):161-6. doi: 10.1016/0169-328x(92)90165-8.
Pubmed: 1359373
Giros B, el Mestikawy S, Godinot N, Zheng K, Han H, Yang-Feng T, Caron MG: Cloning, pharmacological characterization, and chromosome assignment of the human dopamine transporter. Mol Pharmacol. 1992 Sep;42(3):383-90.
Pubmed: 1406597
Pristupa ZB, Wilson JM, Hoffman BJ, Kish SJ, Niznik HB: Pharmacological heterogeneity of the cloned and native human dopamine transporter: disassociation of [3H]WIN 35,428 and [3H]GBR 12,935 binding. Mol Pharmacol. 1994 Jan;45(1):125-35.
Pubmed: 8302271
Denier C, Ducros A, Durr A, Eymard B, Chassande B, Tournier-Lasserve E: Missense CACNA1A mutation causing episodic ataxia type 2. Arch Neurol. 2001 Feb;58(2):292-5. doi: 10.1001/archneur.58.2.292.
Pubmed: 11176968
Hans M, Urrutia A, Deal C, Brust PF, Stauderman K, Ellis SB, Harpold MM, Johnson EC, Williams ME: Structural elements in domain IV that influence biophysical and pharmacological properties of human alpha1A-containing high-voltage-activated calcium channels. Biophys J. 1999 Mar;76(3):1384-400. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77300-5.
Pubmed: 10049321
Ophoff RA, Terwindt GM, Vergouwe MN, van Eijk R, Oefner PJ, Hoffman SM, Lamerdin JE, Mohrenweiser HW, Bulman DE, Ferrari M, Haan J, Lindhout D, van Ommen GJ, Hofker MH, Ferrari MD, Frants RR: Familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type-2 are caused by mutations in the Ca2+ channel gene CACNL1A4. Cell. 1996 Nov 1;87(3):543-52. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81373-2.
Pubmed: 8898206
Williams ME, Brust PF, Feldman DH, Patthi S, Simerson S, Maroufi A, McCue AF, Velicelebi G, Ellis SB, Harpold MM: Structure and functional expression of an omega-conotoxin-sensitive human N-type calcium channel. Science. 1992 Jul 17;257(5068):389-95. doi: 10.1126/science.1321501.
Pubmed: 1321501
Kim DS, Jung HH, Park SH, Chin H: Isolation and characterization of the 5'-upstream region of the human N-type calcium channel alpha1B subunit gene. Chromosomal localization and promoter analysis. J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 21;272(8):5098-104. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.8.5098.
Pubmed: 9030575
Sakuntabhai A, Burge S, Monk S, Hovnanian A: Spectrum of novel ATP2A2 mutations in patients with Darier's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 1999 Sep;8(9):1611-9. doi: 10.1093/hmg/8.9.1611.
Pubmed: 10441323
Ruiz-Perez VL, Carter SA, Healy E, Todd C, Rees JL, Steijlen PM, Carmichael AJ, Lewis HM, Hohl D, Itin P, Vahlquist A, Gobello T, Mazzanti C, Reggazini R, Nagy G, Munro CS, Strachan T: ATP2A2 mutations in Darier's disease: variant cutaneous phenotypes are associated with missense mutations, but neuropsychiatric features are independent of mutation class. Hum Mol Genet. 1999 Sep;8(9):1621-30. doi: 10.1093/hmg/8.9.1621.
Pubmed: 10441324
Lytton J, MacLennan DH: Molecular cloning of cDNAs from human kidney coding for two alternatively spliced products of the cardiac Ca2+-ATPase gene. J Biol Chem. 1988 Oct 15;263(29):15024-31.
Pubmed: 2844796
Komuro I, Wenninger KE, Philipson KD, Izumo S: Molecular cloning and characterization of the human cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 May 15;89(10):4769-73. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.10.4769.
Pubmed: 1374913
Van Eylen F, Bollen A, Herchuelz A: NCX1 Na/Ca exchanger splice variants in pancreatic islet cells. J Endocrinol. 2001 Mar;168(3):517-26. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1680517.
Pubmed: 11241183
Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. doi: 10.1038/ng1285. Epub 2003 Dec 21.
Pubmed: 14702039
Bagattin A, Veronese C, Rampazzo A, Danieli GA: Gene symbol: RYR2. Disease: Effort-induced polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias. Hum Genet. 2004 Mar;114(4):404.
Pubmed: 15046072
Tunwell RE, Wickenden C, Bertrand BM, Shevchenko VI, Walsh MB, Allen PD, Lai FA: The human cardiac muscle ryanodine receptor-calcium release channel: identification, primary structure and topological analysis. Biochem J. 1996 Sep 1;318 ( Pt 2):477-87. doi: 10.1042/bj3180477.
Pubmed: 8809036
Tiso N, Stephan DA, Nava A, Bagattin A, Devaney JM, Stanchi F, Larderet G, Brahmbhatt B, Brown K, Bauce B, Muriago M, Basso C, Thiene G, Danieli GA, Rampazzo A: Identification of mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor gene in families affected with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy type 2 (ARVD2). Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Feb 1;10(3):189-94. doi: 10.1093/hmg/10.3.189.
Pubmed: 11159936
Highlighted elements will appear in red.
Highlight Compounds
Highlight Proteins
Enter relative concentration values (without units). Elements will be highlighted in a color gradient where red = lowest concentration and green = highest concentration. For the best results, view the pathway in Black and White.
Visualize Compound Data
Visualize Protein Data
Downloads
Settings