Loading Pathway...
Error: Pathway image not found.
Hide
Pathway Description
Intestinal Serotonin pathway
Homo sapiens
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Signaling
Created: 2022-03-28
Last Updated: 2023-10-25
More than 90% of serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is produced and found in the gut. Serotonin activates alpha adrenergic receptors which activates the Gq protein cascade. This activates Phospolipase C which catalyzes Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate into Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and Diacylglycerol. Diacylglycerol activates protain kinase C which activates the voltage-dependent calcium channel, allowing calcium to enter the cell. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate activates Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor on the sarcoplasmic reticulum which also allows calcium to enter the cell from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This high concentration of calcium in the cytosol attaches to calmodulin which activates Myosin light chain kinase. This enzyme catalyzes Myosin light chain 3 into myosin LC-P which causes myosin to bind to actin and contract the muscle cell. The contraction of this smooth muscle causes the blood vessel to constrict. This causes the intestine to contract more often which causes food to move through more quickly. The faster the food moves through the intestine, the less nutrients are absorbed from the food into blood vessels.
References
Intestinal Serotonin pathway References
Peroutka SJ, Lebovitz RM, Snyder SH: Two distinct central serotonin receptors with different physiological functions. Science. 1981 May 15;212(4496):827-9.
Rusch D, Musset B, Wulf H, Schuster A, Raines DE: Subunit-dependent modulation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor open-close equilibrium by n-alcohols. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Jun;321(3):1069-74. Epub 2007 Mar 7.
Wawrzynczak EJ, Perham RN: Isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding human calmodulin. Biochem Int. 1984 Aug;9(2):177-85.
Pubmed: 6385987
Rhyner JA, Ottiger M, Wicki R, Greenwood TM, Strehler EE: Structure of the human CALM1 calmodulin gene and identification of two CALM1-related pseudogenes CALM1P1 and CALM1P2. Eur J Biochem. 1994 Oct 1;225(1):71-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00071.x.
Pubmed: 7925473
Heilig R, Eckenberg R, Petit JL, Fonknechten N, Da Silva C, Cattolico L, Levy M, Barbe V, de Berardinis V, Ureta-Vidal A, Pelletier E, Vico V, Anthouard V, Rowen L, Madan A, Qin S, Sun H, Du H, Pepin K, Artiguenave F, Robert C, Cruaud C, Bruls T, Jaillon O, Friedlander L, Samson G, Brottier P, Cure S, Segurens B, Aniere F, Samain S, Crespeau H, Abbasi N, Aiach N, Boscus D, Dickhoff R, Dors M, Dubois I, Friedman C, Gouyvenoux M, James R, Madan A, Mairey-Estrada B, Mangenot S, Martins N, Menard M, Oztas S, Ratcliffe A, Shaffer T, Trask B, Vacherie B, Bellemere C, Belser C, Besnard-Gonnet M, Bartol-Mavel D, Boutard M, Briez-Silla S, Combette S, Dufosse-Laurent V, Ferron C, Lechaplais C, Louesse C, Muselet D, Magdelenat G, Pateau E, Petit E, Sirvain-Trukniewicz P, Trybou A, Vega-Czarny N, Bataille E, Bluet E, Bordelais I, Dubois M, Dumont C, Guerin T, Haffray S, Hammadi R, Muanga J, Pellouin V, Robert D, Wunderle E, Gauguet G, Roy A, Sainte-Marthe L, Verdier J, Verdier-Discala C, Hillier L, Fulton L, McPherson J, Matsuda F, Wilson R, Scarpelli C, Gyapay G, Wincker P, Saurin W, Quetier F, Waterston R, Hood L, Weissenbach J: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 14. Nature. 2003 Feb 6;421(6923):601-7. doi: 10.1038/nature01348. Epub 2003 Jan 1.
Pubmed: 12508121
Kurabayashi M, Komuro I, Tsuchimochi H, Takaku F, Yazaki Y: Molecular cloning and characterization of human atrial and ventricular myosin alkali light chain cDNA clones. J Biol Chem. 1988 Sep 25;263(27):13930-6.
Pubmed: 3417683
Hoffmann E, Shi QW, Floroff M, Mickle DA, Wu TW, Olley PM, Jackowski G: Molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of a human ventricular myosin light chain 1. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Mar 25;16(5):2353. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.5.2353.
Pubmed: 3357795
Fodor WL, Darras B, Seharaseyon J, Falkenthal S, Francke U, Vanin EF: Human ventricular/slow twitch myosin alkali light chain gene characterization, sequence, and chromosomal location. J Biol Chem. 1989 Feb 5;264(4):2143-9.
Pubmed: 2789520
Caricasole A, Sala C, Roncarati R, Formenti E, Terstappen GC: Cloning and characterization of the human phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-beta 1 (PLC beta 1). Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Dec 15;1517(1):63-72. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00260-8.
Pubmed: 11118617
Peruzzi D, Calabrese G, Faenza I, Manzoli L, Matteucci A, Gianfrancesco F, Billi AM, Stuppia L, Palka G, Cocco L: Identification and chromosomal localisation by fluorescence in situ hybridisation of human gene of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C beta(1). Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Apr 12;1484(2-3):175-82. doi: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00012-3.
Pubmed: 10760467
Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Kotani H, Nomura N, Ohara O: Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. IX. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro. DNA Res. 1998 Feb 28;5(1):31-9. doi: 10.1093/dnares/5.1.31.
Pubmed: 9628581
Lazar V, Garcia JG: A single human myosin light chain kinase gene (MLCK; MYLK). Genomics. 1999 Apr 15;57(2):256-67.
Pubmed: 10198165
Potier MC, Chelot E, Pekarsky Y, Gardiner K, Rossier J, Turnell WG: The human myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) from hippocampus: cloning, sequencing, expression, and localization to 3qcen-q21. Genomics. 1995 Oct 10;29(3):562-70. doi: 10.1006/geno.1995.9965.
Pubmed: 8575746
Garcia JG, Lazar V, Gilbert-McClain LI, Gallagher PJ, Verin AD: Myosin light chain kinase in endothelium: molecular cloning and regulation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1997 May;16(5):489-94. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.16.5.9160829.
Pubmed: 9160829
Yamada N, Makino Y, Clark RA, Pearson DW, Mattei MG, Guenet JL, Ohama E, Fujino I, Miyawaki A, Furuichi T, et al.: Human inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate type-1 receptor, InsP3R1: structure, function, regulation of expression and chromosomal localization. Biochem J. 1994 Sep 15;302 ( Pt 3):781-90. doi: 10.1042/bj3020781.
Pubmed: 7945203
Harnick DJ, Jayaraman T, Ma Y, Mulieri P, Go LO, Marks AR: The human type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor from T lymphocytes. Structure, localization, and tyrosine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 1995 Feb 10;270(6):2833-40. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.6.2833.
Pubmed: 7852357
Nucifora FC Jr, Li SH, Danoff S, Ullrich A, Ross CA: Molecular cloning of a cDNA for the human inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1, and the identification of a third alternatively spliced variant. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1995 Sep;32(2):291-6. doi: 10.1016/0169-328x(95)00089-b.
Pubmed: 7500840
Denier C, Ducros A, Durr A, Eymard B, Chassande B, Tournier-Lasserve E: Missense CACNA1A mutation causing episodic ataxia type 2. Arch Neurol. 2001 Feb;58(2):292-5. doi: 10.1001/archneur.58.2.292.
Pubmed: 11176968
Hans M, Urrutia A, Deal C, Brust PF, Stauderman K, Ellis SB, Harpold MM, Johnson EC, Williams ME: Structural elements in domain IV that influence biophysical and pharmacological properties of human alpha1A-containing high-voltage-activated calcium channels. Biophys J. 1999 Mar;76(3):1384-400. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77300-5.
Pubmed: 10049321
Ophoff RA, Terwindt GM, Vergouwe MN, van Eijk R, Oefner PJ, Hoffman SM, Lamerdin JE, Mohrenweiser HW, Bulman DE, Ferrari M, Haan J, Lindhout D, van Ommen GJ, Hofker MH, Ferrari MD, Frants RR: Familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type-2 are caused by mutations in the Ca2+ channel gene CACNL1A4. Cell. 1996 Nov 1;87(3):543-52. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81373-2.
Pubmed: 8898206
Powers PA, Liu S, Hogan K, Gregg RG: Skeletal muscle and brain isoforms of a beta-subunit of human voltage-dependent calcium channels are encoded by a single gene. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 15;267(32):22967-72.
Pubmed: 1385409
Williams ME, Feldman DH, McCue AF, Brenner R, Velicelebi G, Ellis SB, Harpold MM: Structure and functional expression of alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta subunits of a novel human neuronal calcium channel subtype. Neuron. 1992 Jan;8(1):71-84. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90109-q.
Pubmed: 1309651
Collin T, Wang JJ, Nargeot J, Schwartz A: Molecular cloning of three isoforms of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel beta subunit from normal human heart. Circ Res. 1993 Jun;72(6):1337-44. doi: 10.1161/01.res.72.6.1337.
Pubmed: 7916667
Highlighted elements will appear in red.
Highlight Compounds
Highlight Proteins
Enter relative concentration values (without units). Elements will be highlighted in a color gradient where red = lowest concentration and green = highest concentration. For the best results, view the pathway in Black and White.
Visualize Compound Data
Visualize Protein Data
Downloads
Settings