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Pathway Description
Hyoscyamine M2 Smooth Muscle Relaxation Action Pathway
Homo sapiens
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Drug Action
Created: 2023-06-28
Last Updated: 2023-11-27
Hyoscyamine is an anticholinergic indicated to treat functional gastrointestinal disorders, biliary and renal colic, and acute rhinitis. It can be found under the brand names Anaspaz, Donnatal, Ed Spaz, Hyophen, Levbid, Levsin, Nulev, Oscimin, Phenohytro, Phosphasal, Symax, Urelle, Uribel, Urimar Reformulated Oct 2013, Urin DS, Urogesic Blue Reformulated Apr 2012, Ustell, and Utira. Intravenous hysocyamine has been used to reduce gastric motility, reduce pancreatic pain and secretions, to facilitate imaging of the gastrointestinal tract, treat anticholinesterase toxicity, treat certain cases of partial heart block, improve visualization of the kidneys, and for symptomatic relief of biliary and renal colic. Intravenous hyoscyamine is also used pre-operatively to reduce secretions of the mouth and respiratory tract to facilitate intubation. Oral hyoscyamine is used to treat functional intestinal disorders, for symptomatic relief of biliary and renal colic, and symptomatic relief of acute rhinitis. Hyoscyamine competitively and non-selectively antagonises muscarinic receptors in the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, sino-atrial node, atrioventricular node, exocrine nodes, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract. The muscarinic M(2) acetylcholine receptor is the major muscarinic receptor subtype expressed by smooth muscle tissues in the gastrointestinal tract, where it is coexpressed with a smaller population of M(3) receptor. By antagonizing the M2 receptor, the Gi protein signalling is blocked allowing for the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase to be blocked and intracellular calcium levels to decrease. Smooth muscle relaxation occurs due to these decreased calcium levels as calcium and calmodulin cannot bind. Possible side effects of using hyoscyamine may include drowsiness, dizziness, headache, and blurred vision.
References
Hyoscyamine M2 Smooth Muscle Relaxation Pathway References
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