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Pathway Description
Ephedrine A1-Adrenergic Vasoconstriction Action Pathway
Homo sapiens
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Drug Action
Created: 2023-07-17
Last Updated: 2023-11-27
Ephedrine is an alpha and beta-adrenergic agonist indicated to treat hypotension under anesthesia, allergic conditions, bronchial asthma, and nasal congestion. It is administered as an intravenous injection, and can be found under the brand names Akovaz, Bronkaid, Corphedra, Emerphed, Primatene, and Rezipres. Ephedrine increases blood pressure by stimulating heart rate and cardiac output and variably increasing peripheral resistance. It causes bronchodilation due to the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors in the lungs. Ephedrine is a direct and indirect sympathomimetic amine. As a direct effect, ephedrine activates alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors. Ephedrine acts as an agonist of alpha-1, beta-1 and beta-2-adrenergic receptors. The stimulation of alpha-1-adrenergic receptors causes the constriction of veins and a rise in blood pressure, the stimulation of beta-1-adrenergic receptors increases cardiac chronotropy and inotropy, and the stimulation of beta-2-adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation and bronchodilation. At the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor, ephedrine acts as a vasoconstrictor by contracting the smooth muscles. Ephedrine activates the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor which activates the Gq protein cascade. This activates Phospolipase C which catalyzes Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate into Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and Diacylglycerol. Diacylglycerol activates protain kinase C which activates the voltage-dependent calcium channel, allowing calcium to enter the cell. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate activates Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor on the sarcoplasmic reticulum which also allows calcium to enter the cell from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This high concentration of calcium in the cytosol attaches to calmodulin which activates Myosin light chain kinase. This enzyme catalyzes Myosin light chain 3 into myosin LC-P which causes myosin to bind to actin and contract the muscle cell. The contraction of this smooth muscle causes the blood vessel to constrict. Some side effects of using ephedrine may include blurred vision, irregular heartbeat, headache, and tiredness.
References
Ephedrine A1-Adrenergic Vasoconstriction Pathway References
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