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Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial Carmustine Transporter 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate 2-Chloroethyl(oxido)diazene Adenine Oxidized glutathione Carmustine Carmustine 2-Chloroethyl(oxido)diazene Glutathione NADP NADPH H+ FAD Adenine Alkylation Oxidative Stress Carmustine is administered as an intravenous injection. It then goes in the cancerous cell via the blood vessels. After entering the cancerous cell,muscarine is naturally divided in two molecules: an isocyanate and a diazene hydroxide. The first one does the carbamoylation while the second one causes the alkylation in DNA and RNA. Firstly, 2-chloroethyl(oxido)diazene crosslinks DNA causing it to be unable to separate the strands for replication. Second, 2-chloro(oxido)diazene induces the mispairing of nucleotide bases during replication causing mutations. This creates fraudulent DNA that cannot properly transcribe RNA. Third, 2-chloroethyl(oxido)diazene attachs alkyl groups to DNA bases, such as adenine in this reaction, which results in the DNA becoming fragmented due to repair enzymes trying to replace the alkylated bases. This preventing DNA synthesis and RNA transcription from affected DNA that has become alkylated. Apoptosis The cross-linking of DNA and RNA and the inhibition of the Glutathione reductase all lead to the apoptosis of the cancerous cell. Cancerous Cell The inhibition of the glutathione reductase results in low levels of oxidized gluthathione. This results in the loss of control of the reactive oxygen species in the cell (oxidative stress). Mitochondrion
Nucleus GSR Unknown 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate 2- Chloroethyl(oxido)diazene Adenine Oxidized glutathione Carmustine Carmustine 2- Chloroethyl(oxido)diazene Glutathione NADP NADPH Hydrogen Ion Adenine Alkylation Oxidative Stress
GSR 2-Ch is 2-Chlor Adenine GSSG Bcnu Bcnu 2-Chlor GSH NADP NADPH H+ FAD Ade Alk Oxi Str Carmustine is administered as an intravenous injection. It then goes in the cancerous cell via the blood vessels. After entering the cancerous cell,muscarine is naturally divided in two molecules: an isocyanate and a diazene hydroxide. The first one does the carbamoylation while the second one causes the alkylation in DNA and RNA. Firstly, 2-chloroethyl(oxido)diazene crosslinks DNA causing it to be unable to separate the strands for replication. Second, 2-chloro(oxido)diazene induces the mispairing of nucleotide bases during replication causing mutations. This creates fraudulent DNA that cannot properly transcribe RNA. Third, 2-chloroethyl(oxido)diazene attachs alkyl groups to DNA bases, such as adenine in this reaction, which results in the DNA becoming fragmented due to repair enzymes trying to replace the alkylated bases. This preventing DNA synthesis and RNA transcription from affected DNA that has become alkylated. Apoptosis The cross-linking of DNA and RNA and the inhibition of the Glutathione reductase all lead to the apoptosis of the cancerous cell. Cancerous Cell The inhibition of the glutathione reductase results in low levels of oxidized gluthathione. This results in the loss of control of the reactive oxygen species in the cell (oxidative stress). Mitochondrion
Nucleus GSR 2-Ch is 2-Chlor Adenine GSSG Bcnu Bcnu 2-Chlor GSH NADP NADPH H+ Ade Alk Oxi Str