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Alpha-1A
adrenergic
receptor
Beta-1
adrenergic
receptor
Beta-2
adrenergic
receptor
Synaptic
vesicular amine
transporter
Sodium-
dependent
noradrenaline
transporter
Synaptic
vesicular amine
transporter
Aromatic-L-
amino-acid
decarboxylase
Dopamine beta-
hydroxylase
Amine oxidase
[flavin-
containing] A
Tyrosine
3-monooxygenase
Aldehyde
dehydrogenase,
dimeric
NADP-preferring
Catechol O-
methyltransferase
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
L-Dopa
Dopamine
CO
2
Ascorbic acid
O
2
Dehydroascorbic acid
H
2
O
H
2
O
O
2
3,4-Dihydroxymandelaldehyde
H
2
O
2
NH
3
L-Tyrosine
Tetrahydrobiopterin
O
2
Dihydrobiopterin
H
2
O
NAD
H
2
O
3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid
NADH
H
+
S-Adenosylmethionine
Vanillylmandelic acid
S-Adenosylhomocysteine
Magnesium
Gq signaling
cascade
Gs signaling
cascade
FAD
Cytosol
Pyridoxal
5'-phosphate
Fe2+
Mood Improvement
Pyrroloquinoline
quinone
Copper
Norepinephrine is
synthesized from tyrosine
and stored in presynaptic
vesicles.
Synapse
Cytosol
Presynaptic Neuron
Postsynaptic Neuron
The concentration in
norepinephrine in the
cytosol of the presynaptic
neuron.
Since depression is caused
by low level of free
serotonin and/or
norepinephrine, the
increasing in free
norepinephrine results in
the relief of depressive
symptoms.
Norepinephrine activates
post synaptic adrenergic
receptors which are
responsible for mood
improvements. Low
norepinephrine in the
synapse means these
receptors won't be activated
as frequently
Synaptic Vesicle
ADRA1A
ADRB1
ADRB2
SLC18A2
SLC6A2
SLC18A2
DDC
DBH
MAOA
TH
ALDH3A1
COMT
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
L-Dopa
Dopamine
Carbon dioxide
Ascorbic acid
Oxygen
Dehydroascorbic
acid
Water
Water
Oxygen
3,4-
Dihydroxymandelaldehyde
Hydrogen
peroxide
Ammonia
L-Tyrosine
Tetrahydrobiopterin
Oxygen
Dihydrobiopterin
Water
NAD
Water
3,4-
Dihydroxymandelic
acid
NADH
Hydrogen Ion
S-
Adenosylmethionine
Vanillylmandelic
acid
S-
Adenosylhomocysteine
Gq signaling
cascade
Gs signaling
cascade