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Pathway Description
D-Alanine Metabolism
Escherichia coli O103:H2 str. 12009
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2024-12-11
Last Updated: 2025-07-06
L-Alanine is an essential component of both proteins and Peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan also contain about three molecules of D-alanine for every L-alanine, comprising of only about 10% of the total alanine synthesized flowing into peptidoglycan. (More info can be found at L-alanine metabolism pathway: PW000788 or SMP0000810) In this pathway, D-amino acid dehydrogenase degrades D-alanine to form pyruvate, pyruvate then serving as a source of carbon for central metabolism. D-alanine can be formed by either biosynthetic alanine racemase or catabolic alanine racemase. D-alanine is required for forming cell wall peptidoglycan (murein). D-alanine is metabolized by ATP driven D-alanine ligase A and B resulting in D-alanyl-D-alanine. This product is incorporated into peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
References
D-Alanine Metabolism References
Robinson AC, Kenan DJ, Sweeney J, Donachie WD: Further evidence for overlapping transcriptional units in an Escherichia coli cell envelope-cell division gene cluster: DNA sequence and transcriptional organization of the ddl ftsQ region. J Bacteriol. 1986 Sep;167(3):809-17. doi: 10.1128/jb.167.3.809-817.1986.
Pubmed: 3528126
Yura T, Mori H, Nagai H, Nagata T, Ishihama A, Fujita N, Isono K, Mizobuchi K, Nakata A: Systematic sequencing of the Escherichia coli genome: analysis of the 0-2.4 min region. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Jul 11;20(13):3305-8. doi: 10.1093/nar/20.13.3305.
Pubmed: 1630901
Blattner FR, Plunkett G 3rd, Bloch CA, Perna NT, Burland V, Riley M, Collado-Vides J, Glasner JD, Rode CK, Mayhew GF, Gregor J, Davis NW, Kirkpatrick HA, Goeden MA, Rose DJ, Mau B, Shao Y: The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1453-62. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5331.1453.
Pubmed: 9278503
Zawadzke LE, Bugg TD, Walsh CT: Existence of two D-alanine:D-alanine ligases in Escherichia coli: cloning and sequencing of the ddlA gene and purification and characterization of the DdlA and DdlB enzymes. Biochemistry. 1991 Feb 12;30(6):1673-82. doi: 10.1021/bi00220a033.
Pubmed: 1993184
Hayashi K, Morooka N, Yamamoto Y, Fujita K, Isono K, Choi S, Ohtsubo E, Baba T, Wanner BL, Mori H, Horiuchi T: Highly accurate genome sequences of Escherichia coli K-12 strains MG1655 and W3110. Mol Syst Biol. 2006;2:2006.0007. doi: 10.1038/msb4100049. Epub 2006 Feb 21.
Pubmed: 16738553
Lobocka M, Hennig J, Wild J, Klopotowski T: Organization and expression of the Escherichia coli K-12 dad operon encoding the smaller subunit of D-amino acid dehydrogenase and the catabolic alanine racemase. J Bacteriol. 1994 Mar;176(5):1500-10. doi: 10.1128/jb.176.5.1500-1510.1994.
Pubmed: 7906689
Oshima T, Aiba H, Baba T, Fujita K, Hayashi K, Honjo A, Ikemoto K, Inada T, Itoh T, Kajihara M, Kanai K, Kashimoto K, Kimura S, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Masuda S, Miki T, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Motomura K, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Nishio Y, Saito N, Horiuchi T, et al.: A 718-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 12.7-28.0 min region on the linkage map. DNA Res. 1996 Jun 30;3(3):137-55. doi: 10.1093/dnares/3.3.137.
Pubmed: 8905232
Lilley PE, Stamford NP, Vasudevan SG, Dixon NE: The 92-min region of the Escherichia coli chromosome: location and cloning of the ubiA and alr genes. Gene. 1993 Jul 15;129(1):9-16. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90690-5.
Pubmed: 8335265
Blattner FR, Burland V, Plunkett G 3rd, Sofia HJ, Daniels DL: Analysis of the Escherichia coli genome. IV. DNA sequence of the region from 89.2 to 92.8 minutes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Nov 25;21(23):5408-17. doi: 10.1093/nar/21.23.5408.
Pubmed: 8265357
Templin MF, Ursinus A, Holtje JV: A defect in cell wall recycling triggers autolysis during the stationary growth phase of Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 1999 Aug 2;18(15):4108-17. doi: 10.1093/emboj/18.15.4108.
Pubmed: 10428950
This pathway was propagated using PathWhiz -
Pon, A. et al. Pathways with PathWhiz (2015) Nucleic Acids Res. 43(Web Server issue): W552–W559.
Propagated from SMP0000791
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