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Pathway Description
TGF beta SMAD Signaling
Homo sapiens
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Signaling
Created: 2025-03-11
Last Updated: 2025-04-22
The TGF-β pathway is initiated when TGF-β activates TGF-β receptors (type-1/2) on the cell surface. This receptor activation leads to the phosphorylation of the receptors, which in turn activates downstream signaling components. One important result is the phosphorylation of Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2), forming a complex called SMAD2 with phosphate. This phosphorylated SMAD2 then activates a critical downstream signaling cascade involving SMAD2-3-4, which translocates from the cytosol to the nucleus, where it regulates gene expression and various cellular responses. However, the pathway is also tightly regulated. SMAD 6/7 interacts with SMURF 1/2, which acts as a negative regulator by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the TGF-β receptor. This feedback mechanism helps to balance the activation of the TGF-β pathway to ensure proper cellular responses.
References
TGF beta SMAD Signaling References
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Pubmed: 12508121
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Pubmed: 8242743
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Pubmed: 8752209
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