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Pathway Description
Histidine utilization: hutH, hutU, hutI, hutG, hutM
Bacillus subtilis
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Signaling
Created: 2025-03-17
Last Updated: 2025-09-06
The regulation of hutPHUIGM operon. The operon is activated by hutP (hut operon positive regulatory protein) and inhibited by low concentrations of histidine (or high concentration of ammonium). HutP binds to the promoter when histidine is present in high concentrations. This allows crp to stay bound from the upstream operon and to continue transcribing through this operon. When histidine is present in low concentrations and ammonium is in high concentration, hutP releases the operon. Therefore, crp releases the operon inhibiting the transcription. There are five products of this operon: hutP, hutH (Histidine ammonia-lyase), hutU (Urocanate hydratase), hutI (Imidazolonepropionase), hutG (Formimidoylglutamase) and hutM (Putative histidine permease). HutH, hutU, hutI and hutG are enzymes used in the degradation of his histidine to glutamate. HutH is used in to turn histidine to urocanate. HutU is used to turn urocanate to 4-imidazolone-5-propanoate. HutI is used to turn 4-imidazolone-5-propanoate to N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate. HutG is used to turn N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate to glutamate. Histidine is transported into the cell by hutM transporter.
References
Histidine utilization: hutH, hutU, hutI, hutG, hutM References
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Pubmed: 33568055
Bender RA: Regulation of the histidine utilization (hut) system in bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2012 Sep;76(3):565-84. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00014-12.
Pubmed: 22933560
Lonergan ZR, Palmer LD, Skaar EP: Histidine Utilization Is a Critical Determinant of Acinetobacter Pathogenesis. Infect Immun. 2020 Jun 22;88(7):e00118-20. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00118-20. Print 2020 Jun 22.
Pubmed: 32341119
Zhang XX, Rainey PB: Genetic analysis of the histidine utilization (hut) genes in Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. Genetics. 2007 Aug;176(4):2165-76. doi: 10.1534/genetics.107.075713.
Pubmed: 17717196
Naren N, Zhang XX: Global Regulatory Roles of the Histidine-Responsive Transcriptional Repressor HutC in Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. J Bacteriol. 2020 Jun 9;202(13):e00792-19. doi: 10.1128/JB.00792-19. Print 2020 Jun 9.
Pubmed: 32291279
Hu L, Phillips AT: Organization and multiple regulation of histidine utilization genes in Pseudomonas putida. J Bacteriol. 1988 Sep;170(9):4272-9. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.9.4272-4279.1988.
Pubmed: 2842309
Cossart P, Gicquel-Sanzey B: Cloning and sequence of the crp gene of Escherichia coli K 12. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Feb 25;10(4):1363-78. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.4.1363.
Pubmed: 6280141
Aiba H, Fujimoto S, Ozaki N: Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the gene for E. coli cAMP receptor protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Feb 25;10(4):1345-61. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.4.1345.
Pubmed: 6280140
Blattner FR, Plunkett G 3rd, Bloch CA, Perna NT, Burland V, Riley M, Collado-Vides J, Glasner JD, Rode CK, Mayhew GF, Gregor J, Davis NW, Kirkpatrick HA, Goeden MA, Rose DJ, Mau B, Shao Y: The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1453-62. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5331.1453.
Pubmed: 9278503
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