Browsing Pathways

GTP, produced in the nucleotide de novo biosyntheis pathway, interacts with a water molecule through a GTP cyclohydrolase resulting in a formate, hydrogen ion and a 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate. The latter compound interacts with a water molecule through a dihydroneopterin triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate, a hydrogen ion and a 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-phosphate. The latter compound interacts with water spontaneously resulting in the release of a phosphate and a 7,8 dihydroneopterin. The latter compound interacts with a dihydroneopterin aldolase resulting in the release of a glycolaldehyde and a 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin. This compound then is then diphosphorylated by reacting with a ATP driven 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an AMP and 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin diphosphate. GTP interacts with a cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate synthase resulting in the release of a diphosphate and a cyclic pyranopterin phosphate. The latter compound interacts with a thiocarboxylated small subunit of molybdopterin synthase (a protein) and a water molecule through a molybdopterin synthase resulting in the release of 4 hydrogen ions, 2 small subunits of molybdopterin synthase and a molybdopterin. The molybdopterin interacts with an ATP and a hydrogen ion through a molybdopterin adenylyltransferase resulting in the release of a diphosphate and a molybdopterin adenine dinucleotide. The latter compound is then metabolized by a hydrogen ion and a molybdate through a molybdopterin molybdenumtransferase resulting in the release of an AMP, a water molecule and a molybdopterin cofactor. The molybdopterin cofactor can procede to the guanylyl molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis pathway or it can be metabolized into a cytidylyl molybdenum cofactor by interacting with a CTP and a hydrogen ion through a molybdenym cofactor cytidylyltransferase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and a cytidyllyl molybdenum cofactor

The pathway can start in various spots. First step in this case starts with NADH interacting with a menaquinone oxidoreductase resulting in the release of a NADH and a hydrogen Ion, at the same time in the inner membrane a menaquinone interacts with 2 electrons and 2 hydrogen ions thus releasing a menaquinol. This allows for 4 hydrogen ions to be transferred from the cytosol to the periplasmic space. The menaquinol then interacts with a dimethyl sulfoxide reductase resulting in the release of 2 hydrogen ion and 2 electrons. At the same time dimethyl sulfoxide and 2 hydrogen ions interact with the enzyme resulting in the release of a dimethyl sulfide and a water molecule, this reaction happening in the periplasmic space. The second set of reactions starts with a hydrogen interacting with a menaquinone oxidoreductase resulting in the release of two electrons being released into the inner membrane which then react with with 2 hydrogen ion and a menaquinone to produce a menaquinol. This menaquinol then reacts with a trimethylamine N-oxide reductase following the same steps as mentioned before. The third set of reactions starts with with formate interacting with a formate dehydrogenase-O resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and a hydrogen ion, this releases 2 electrons that interact with a menaquinone and two hydrogen ions. This releases a menaquinol which then reacts with a trimethylamine N-oxide reductase following the same steps as mentioned before

The pathway can start in various spots. First step in this case starts with NADH interacting with a menaquinone oxidoreductase resulting in the release of a NADH and a hydrogen Ion, at the same time in the inner membrane a menaquinone interacts with 2 electrons and 2 hydrogen ions thus releasing a menaquinol. This allows for 4 hydrogen ions to be transferred from the cytosol to the periplasmic space. The menaquinol then interacts with a trimethylamine N-oxide reductase resulting in the release of 2 hydrogen ion and 2 electrons. At the same time trimethylamine N-oxide and 3 hydrogen ions interact with the enzyme trimethylamine N-oxide reductase resulting in the release of a trimethylamine and a water molecule, this reaction happening in the periplasmic space. The second set of reactions starts with a hydrogen interacting with a menaquinone oxidoreductase resulting in the release of two electrons being released into the inner membrane which then react with with 2 hydrogen ion and a menaquinone to produce a menaquinol. This menaquinol then reacts with a trimethylamine N-oxide reductase following the same steps as mentioned before. The third set of reactions starts with with formate interacting with a formate dehydrogenase-O resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and a hydrogen ion, this releases 2 electrons that interact with a menaquinone and two hydrogen ions. This releases a menaquinol which then reacts with a trimethylamine N-oxide reductase following the same steps as mentioned before

Cardiolipin (CL) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. It is essential for the optimal function of numerous enzymes that are involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism (Wikipedia). Cardiolipin biosynthesis occurs mainly in the mitochondria, but there also exists an alternative synthesis route for CDP-diacylglycerol that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. This second route may supplement this pathway. All membrane-localized enzymes are coloured dark green in the image. First, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (or glycerone phosphate) from glycolysis is used by the cytosolic enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] to synthesize sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. Second, the mitochondrial outer membrane enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase esterifies an acyl-group to the sn-1 position of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA). Third, the enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase converts LPA into phosphatidic acid (PA or 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) by esterifying an acyl-group to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. PA is then transferred to the inner mitochondrial membrane to continue cardiolipin synthesis. Fourth, magnesium-dependent phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase catalyzes the conversion of PA into CDP-diacylglycerol. Fifth, CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase synthesizes phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP). Sixth, phosphatidylglycerophosphatase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase dephosphorylates PGP to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Last, cardiolipin synthase catalyzes the synthesis of cardiolipin by transferring a phosphatidyl group from a second CDP-diacylglycerol to PG. It requires a divalent metal cation cofactor.

The pathway starts with trans-cinnamate interacting with a hydrogen ion, an oxygen molecule, and a NADH through a cinnamate dioxygenase resulting in a NAD and a cis-3-(3-Carboxyethenyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol which then interact together through a 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrophenylpropionate dehydrogenase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an NADH molecule and a 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate. The second way by which the 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate is acquired is through a 3-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate interacting with a hydrogen ion, a NADH and an oxygen molecule through a 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate 2-hydroxylase resulting in the release of a NAD molecule, a water molecule and a 2,3-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate. The compound 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate then interacts with an oxygen molecule through a 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionate 1,2-dioxygenase resulting in a hydrogen ion and a 2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4,7-triene-1,9-dioate. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule through a 2-hydroxy-6-oxononatrienedioate hydrolase resulting in a release of a hydrogen ion, a fumarate molecule and (2Z)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate. The latter compound reacts spontaneously to isomerize into a 2-oxopent-4-enoate. This compound is then hydrated through a 2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase resulting in a 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate. This compound then interacts with a 4-hydroxy-2-ketovalerate aldolase resulting in the release of a pyruvate, and an acetaldehyde. The acetaldehyde then interacts with a coenzyme A and a NAD molecule through a acetaldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a NADH and an acetyl-coa which can be incorporated into the TCA cycle

Cardiolipin (CL) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. It is essential for the optimal function of numerous enzymes that are involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism (Wikipedia). Cardiolipin biosynthesis occurs mainly in the mitochondria, but there also exists an alternative synthesis route for CDP-diacylglycerol that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. This second route may supplement this pathway. All membrane-localized enzymes are coloured dark green in the image. First, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (or glycerone phosphate) from glycolysis is used by the cytosolic enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] to synthesize sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. Second, the mitochondrial outer membrane enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase esterifies an acyl-group to the sn-1 position of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA). Third, the enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase converts LPA into phosphatidic acid (PA or 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) by esterifying an acyl-group to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. PA is then transferred to the inner mitochondrial membrane to continue cardiolipin synthesis. Fourth, magnesium-dependent phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase catalyzes the conversion of PA into CDP-diacylglycerol. Fifth, CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase synthesizes phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP). Sixth, phosphatidylglycerophosphatase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase dephosphorylates PGP to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Last, cardiolipin synthase catalyzes the synthesis of cardiolipin by transferring a phosphatidyl group from a second CDP-diacylglycerol to PG. It requires a divalent metal cation cofactor.

Cardiolipin (CL) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. It is essential for the optimal function of numerous enzymes that are involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism (Wikipedia). Cardiolipin biosynthesis occurs mainly in the mitochondria, but there also exists an alternative synthesis route for CDP-diacylglycerol that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. This second route may supplement this pathway. All membrane-localized enzymes are coloured dark green in the image. First, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (or glycerone phosphate) from glycolysis is used by the cytosolic enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] to synthesize sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. Second, the mitochondrial outer membrane enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase esterifies an acyl-group to the sn-1 position of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA). Third, the enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase converts LPA into phosphatidic acid (PA or 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) by esterifying an acyl-group to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. PA is then transferred to the inner mitochondrial membrane to continue cardiolipin synthesis. Fourth, magnesium-dependent phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase catalyzes the conversion of PA into CDP-diacylglycerol. Fifth, CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase synthesizes phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP). Sixth, phosphatidylglycerophosphatase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase dephosphorylates PGP to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Last, cardiolipin synthase catalyzes the synthesis of cardiolipin by transferring a phosphatidyl group from a second CDP-diacylglycerol to PG. It requires a divalent metal cation cofactor.

Cardiolipin (CL) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. It is essential for the optimal function of numerous enzymes that are involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism (Wikipedia). Cardiolipin biosynthesis occurs mainly in the mitochondria, but there also exists an alternative synthesis route for CDP-diacylglycerol that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. This second route may supplement this pathway. All membrane-localized enzymes are coloured dark green in the image. First, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (or glycerone phosphate) from glycolysis is used by the cytosolic enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] to synthesize sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. Second, the mitochondrial outer membrane enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase esterifies an acyl-group to the sn-1 position of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA). Third, the enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase converts LPA into phosphatidic acid (PA or 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) by esterifying an acyl-group to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. PA is then transferred to the inner mitochondrial membrane to continue cardiolipin synthesis. Fourth, magnesium-dependent phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase catalyzes the conversion of PA into CDP-diacylglycerol. Fifth, CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase synthesizes phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP). Sixth, phosphatidylglycerophosphatase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase dephosphorylates PGP to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Last, cardiolipin synthase catalyzes the synthesis of cardiolipin by transferring a phosphatidyl group from a second CDP-diacylglycerol to PG. It requires a divalent metal cation cofactor.

The selenium metabolism begins with the introduction of selenate and selenite to the cytosol through a sulphate permease system. Once in the cell, selenate can be reduced to selenite through nitrate reductases A and Z. Selenite then interacts with glutathione and 2 hydrogen ions resulting in the release of 2 water molecules, a hydroxide molecule, a glutathione disulfide and a selenodiglutathione. The latter compound then reacts with NADPH+H resulting in the release of a NADP, a glutathione and a glutathioselenol. Glutathiolselenol can then be oxidize resulting in a a glutathiolselenol ion which can then interact with a water molecule resulting in a release of glutathion and selenium Glutathiolselenol can also react with NADPH and hydrogen ion resulting in a release of glutathione, NADP, a hydroxide molecule and a hydrogen selenide. This compound can react in a reversible reaction by being oxidized resulting in a hydrogen selenide ion . This compound can then be phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP and releasing a AMP, a phosphate and a selenophosphate.

Pseudouridine is phosphorylated by interacting with atp and a psuK resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate. The latter compound then reacts with water through a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate glycosidase resulting in the release of a uracil and D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate