Browsing Pathways

The biosynthesis of Valine and L-leucine from pyruvic acid starts with pyruvic acid interacting with a hydrogen ion through a acetolactate synthase / acetohydroxybutanoate synthase resulting in a release of a carbon dioxide, a (S)-2-acetolactate. The latter compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH-driven acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase resulting in the release of a NADP, a (R) 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylvalerate. The latter compound is then dehydrated by a dihydroxy acid dehydratase resulting in the release of a water molecule an 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid. The 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid can produce an L-valine by interacting with a L-glutamic acid through a Valine Transaminase resulting in the release of a Oxoglutaric acid and a L-valine. The 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid then interacts with an acetyl-CoA and a water molecule through a 2-isopropylmalate synthase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, a Coenzyme A and a 2-Isopropylmalic acid. The isopropylimalic acid is then hydrated by interacting with a isopropylmalate isomerase resulting in a 3-isopropylmalate. This compound then interacts with an NAD driven 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase resulting in a NADH, a hydrogen ion and a 2-isopropyl-3-oxosuccinate. The latter compound then interacts with hydrogen ion spontaneously resulting in a carbon dioxide and a ketoleucine. The ketoleucine then interacts with a L-glutamic acid through a branched-chain amino-acid aminotransferase resulting in the oxoglutaric acid and L-leucine.

The process of flavin biosynthesis starts with GTP being metabolized by interacting with 3 molecules of water through a GTP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of formic acid, a pyrophosphate, two hydrog ions and 2,5-diamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one or 2,5-Diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine. Either of these compounds interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion through a fused diaminohydroxyphosphoribosylaminopyrimidine deaminase / 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil reductase resulting in an ammonium and 5-amino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)uracil. This compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH dependent fused diaminohydroxyphosphoribosylaminopyrimidine deaminase / 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil reductase resulting in the release of a NADP and a 5-amino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribitylamino)uracil. This compound then interacts with a water molecule through a 5-amino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribitylamino)uracil phosphatase resulting in a release of a phosphate, and a 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil. D-ribulose 5-phosphate interacts with a3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase resulting in the release of formic acid, a hydrogen ion and 1-deoxy-L-glycero-tetrulose 4-phosphate. A 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil and 1-deoxy-L-glycero-tetrulose 4-phosphate interact through a 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase resulting in the release of 2 water molecules, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a 6,7-dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine. The latter compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a riboflavin synthase resulting in the release of a riboflavin and a 5-amino-6-(d-ribitylamino)uracil. The riboflavin is then phosphorylated through an ATP dependent riboflavin kinase resulting in the release of a ADP, a hydrogen ion and a FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE. The flavin mononucleotide interad with a hydrogen ion and an ATP through the riboflavin kinase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and Flavin Adenine dinucleotide. This compound is then exported into the periplasm through a FMN/FAD exporter.

PreQ0 or 7-cyano-7-carbaguanine is biosynthesized by degrading GTP. GTP first interacts with water through a GTP cyclohydrolase resulting in the release of a formate, a hydrogen ion and a 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate. The latter compound then interacts with water through a 6-carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin synthase resulting in a acetaldehyde, triphosphate, 2 hydrogen ion and 6-carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin. The latter compound then reacts spontaneously with a hydrogen ion resulting in the release of a ammonium molecule and a 7-carboxy-7-deazaguanine. This compound then interacts with ATP and ammonium through 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine synthase resulting in the release of water, phosphate, ADP, hydrogen ion and a 7-cyano-7-carbaguanine. The degradation of 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine can lead to produce a preQ1 or a queuine by reacting with 3 hydrogen ions and 2 NADPH through a 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine reductase. PreQ1 then interacts with a guanine 34 in tRNA through a tRNA-guanine transglycosylase resulting in a release of a guanine and a 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanosine 34 in tRNA. This nucleic acid then interacts with SAM through a S-adenosylmethionine tRNA ribosyltransferase-isomerase resulting in a release of a hydrogen ion, L-methionine, adenine and an epoxyqueuosine

The biosynthesis of ubiquinol starts the interaction of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid interacting with an octaprenyl diphosphate. The former compound comes from the chorismate interacting with a chorismate lyase resulting in the release of a pyruvic acid and a 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. On the other hand, the latter compound, octaprenyl diphosphate is the result of a farnesyl pyrophosphate interacting with an isopentenyl pyrophosphate through an octaprenyl diphosphate synthase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and an octaprenyl diphosphate. The 4-hydroxybenzoic acid interacts with octaprenyl diphosphate through a 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyltransferase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and a 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate. The latter compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate carboxy-lyase resulting in the release of a carbon dioxide and a 2-octaprenylphenol. The latter compound interacts with an oxygen molecule and a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 2-octaprenylphenol hydroxylase resulting in a NADP, a water molecule and a 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol. The 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol interacts with an S-adenosylmethionine through a bifunctional 3-demethylubiquinone-8 3-O-methyltransferase and 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol methylase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an s-adenosylhomocysteine and a 2-methoxy-6-(all-trans-octaprenyl)phenol. The latter compound then interacts with an oxygen molecule and a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxyphenol hydroxylase resulting in a NADP, a water molecule and a 2-methoxy-6-all trans-octaprenyl-2-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol. The latter compound interacts with a S-adenosylmethionine through a bifunctional 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methylase and S-adenosylmethionine:2-DMK methyltransferase resulting in a s-adenosylhomocysteine, a hydrogen ion and a 6-methoxy-3-methyl-2-all-trans-octaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol. The 6-methoxy-3-methyl-2-all-trans-octaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol. interacts with a reduced acceptor, an oxygen molecule through a 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone hydroxylase resulting in the release of a water molecule, an oxidized electron acceptor and a 3-demethylubiquinol-8. The latter compound then interacts with a S-adenosylmethionine through a bifunctional 3-demethylubiquinone-8 3-O-methyltransferase and 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol methylase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a S-adenosylhomocysteine and a ubiquinol 8.

Pseudouridine is phosphorylated by interacting with atp and a psuK resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate. The latter compound then reacts with water through a pseudouridine 5'-phosphate glycosidase resulting in the release of a uracil and D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate

Cardiolipin (CL) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. It is essential for the optimal function of numerous enzymes that are involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism (Wikipedia). Cardiolipin biosynthesis occurs mainly in the mitochondria, but there also exists an alternative synthesis route for CDP-diacylglycerol that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. This second route may supplement this pathway. All membrane-localized enzymes are coloured dark green in the image. First, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (or glycerone phosphate) from glycolysis is used by the cytosolic enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] to synthesize sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. Second, the mitochondrial outer membrane enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase esterifies an acyl-group to the sn-1 position of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA). Third, the enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase converts LPA into phosphatidic acid (PA or 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) by esterifying an acyl-group to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. PA is then transferred to the inner mitochondrial membrane to continue cardiolipin synthesis. Fourth, magnesium-dependent phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase catalyzes the conversion of PA into CDP-diacylglycerol. Fifth, CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase synthesizes phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP). Sixth, phosphatidylglycerophosphatase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase dephosphorylates PGP to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Last, cardiolipin synthase catalyzes the synthesis of cardiolipin by transferring a phosphatidyl group from a second CDP-diacylglycerol to PG. It requires a divalent metal cation cofactor.

Curcumin is metabolized by being reduced through a NADPH dependent curcumin reductase resulting in a dihydrocurcumin. This compound is then reduced again through a NADPH-dependent dihydrocurcumin reductase resulting in a tetrahydrocurcumin. It is not know yet how this compound enters E.coli

The pathway starts with a 3-phosphoglyceric acid interacting with an NAD driven D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase / α-ketoglutarate reductase resulting in an NADH, a hydrogen ion and a phosphohydroxypyruvic acid. This compound then interacts with an L-glutamic acid through a 3-phosphoserine aminotransferase / phosphohydroxythreonine aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and a DL-D-phosphoserine. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule through a phosphoserine phosphatase resulting in a phosphate and an L-serine. The L-serine interacts with an acetyl-coa through a serine acetyltransferase resulting in a release of a Coenzyme A and a O-Acetylserine. The O-acetylserine then interacts with a hydrogen sulfide through a O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase A resulting in an acetic acid, a hydrogen ion and an L-cysteine

GTP, produced in the nucleotide de novo biosyntheis pathway, interacts with a water molecule through a GTP cyclohydrolase resulting in a formate, hydrogen ion and a 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate. The latter compound interacts with a water molecule through a dihydroneopterin triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate, a hydrogen ion and a 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-phosphate. The latter compound interacts with water spontaneously resulting in the release of a phosphate and a 7,8 dihydroneopterin. The latter compound interacts with a dihydroneopterin aldolase resulting in the release of a glycolaldehyde and a 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin. This compound then is then diphosphorylated by reacting with a ATP driven 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an AMP and 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin diphosphate. GTP interacts with a cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate synthase resulting in the release of a diphosphate and a cyclic pyranopterin phosphate. The latter compound interacts with a thiocarboxylated small subunit of molybdopterin synthase (a protein) and a water molecule through a molybdopterin synthase resulting in the release of 4 hydrogen ions, 2 small subunits of molybdopterin synthase and a molybdopterin. The molybdopterin interacts with an ATP and a hydrogen ion through a molybdopterin adenylyltransferase resulting in the release of a diphosphate and a molybdopterin adenine dinucleotide. The latter compound is then metabolized by a hydrogen ion and a molybdate through a molybdopterin molybdenumtransferase resulting in the release of an AMP, a water molecule and a molybdopterin cofactor. The molybdopterin cofactor can procede to the guanylyl molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis pathway or it can be metabolized into a cytidylyl molybdenum cofactor by interacting with a CTP and a hydrogen ion through a molybdenym cofactor cytidylyltransferase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and a cytidyllyl molybdenum cofactor

Histidine biosynthesis starts with a product of PRPP biosynthesis pathway, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate which interacts with a hydrogen ion through an ATP phosphoribosyltransferase resulting in an pyrophosphate and a phosphoribosyl-ATP. The phosphoribosyl-ATP interacts with water through a phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase / phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase resulting in the release of pyrophosphate, hydrogen ion and a phosphoribosyl-AMP. The same enzyme proceeds to interact with phosphoribosyl-AMP and water resulting in a 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide. The product is then isomerized by a N-(5'-phospho-L-ribosyl-formimino)-5-amino-1-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-4-imidazolecarboxamide isomerase resulting in a PhosphoribosylformiminoAICAR-phosphate, which reacts with L-glutamine through an imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase resulting in a L-glutamic acid, hydrogen ion, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide and a D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate. D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate reacts with a imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase / histidinol-phosphatase, dehydrating the compound and resulting in a imidazole acetol-phosphate. Next, imidazole acetol-phosphate reacts with L-glutamic acid through a histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase, releasing oxoglutaric acid and L-histidinol-phosphate. The latter compound interacts with water and a imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase / histidinol-phosphatase resulting in L-histidinol and phosphate. L-histidinol interacts with a NAD-driven histidinol dehydrogenase resulting in a Histidinal. Histidinal in turn reacts with water in a NAD driven histidinal dehydrogenase resulting in L-Histidine. L-Histidine then represses ATP phosphoribosyltransferase, regulation its own biosynthesis.