Browsing Pathways

Fatty acid oxidation is also known as beta-oxidation. Fatty acids are an important energy source because they are anhydrous and can be reduced. Fatty acids are good sources of energy as they yield more energy than carbohydrates. The fatty acid oxidation pathway degrades fatty acids into acetyl-CoA under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Enzymes of this pathway can process short and long chain fatty acids. The first step in the pathway is the conversion of acyl-CoA to enoyl-CoA. The pathway continues in a cycle, each turn removing two carbon atoms from the input acyl-CoA to produce acetyl-CoA. Each turn also produces NADH.

Fatty acid oxidation is also known as beta-oxidation. Fatty acids are an important energy source because they are anhydrous and can be reduced. Fatty acids are good sources of energy as they yield more energy than carbohydrates. The fatty acid oxidation pathway degrades fatty acids into acetyl-CoA under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Enzymes of this pathway can process short and long chain fatty acids. The first step in the pathway is the conversion of acyl-CoA to enoyl-CoA. The pathway continues in a cycle, each turn removing two carbon atoms from the input acyl-CoA to produce acetyl-CoA. Each turn also produces NADH.

Fatty acid oxidation is also known as beta-oxidation. Fatty acids are an important energy source because they are anhydrous and can be reduced. Fatty acids are good sources of energy as they yield more energy than carbohydrates. The fatty acid oxidation pathway degrades fatty acids into acetyl-CoA under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Enzymes of this pathway can process short and long chain fatty acids. The first step in the pathway is the conversion of acyl-CoA to enoyl-CoA. The pathway continues in a cycle, each turn removing two carbon atoms from the input acyl-CoA to produce acetyl-CoA. Each turn also produces NADH.

Fatty acid oxidation is also known as beta-oxidation. Fatty acids are an important energy source because they are anhydrous and can be reduced. Fatty acids are good sources of energy as they yield more energy than carbohydrates. The fatty acid oxidation pathway degrades fatty acids into acetyl-CoA under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Enzymes of this pathway can process short and long chain fatty acids. The first step in the pathway is the conversion of acyl-CoA to enoyl-CoA. The pathway continues in a cycle, each turn removing two carbon atoms from the input acyl-CoA to produce acetyl-CoA. Each turn also produces NADH.

Fatty acid oxidation is also known as beta-oxidation. Fatty acids are an important energy source because they are anhydrous and can be reduced. Fatty acids are good sources of energy as they yield more energy than carbohydrates. The fatty acid oxidation pathway degrades fatty acids into acetyl-CoA under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Enzymes of this pathway can process short and long chain fatty acids. The first step in the pathway is the conversion of acyl-CoA to enoyl-CoA. The pathway continues in a cycle, each turn removing two carbon atoms from the input acyl-CoA to produce acetyl-CoA. Each turn also produces NADH.

Fatty acid oxidation is also known as beta-oxidation. Fatty acids are an important energy source because they are anhydrous and can be reduced. Fatty acids are good sources of energy as they yield more energy than carbohydrates. The fatty acid oxidation pathway degrades fatty acids into acetyl-CoA under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Enzymes of this pathway can process short and long chain fatty acids. The first step in the pathway is the conversion of acyl-CoA to enoyl-CoA. The pathway continues in a cycle, each turn removing two carbon atoms from the input acyl-CoA to produce acetyl-CoA. Each turn also produces NADH.

Biotin (vitamin H or vitamin B7) is the essential cofactor of biotin-dependent carboxylases, such as pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In E. coli and many organisms, pimelate thioester is derived from malonyl-ACP. The pathway starts with a malonyl-[acp] interacting with S-adenosylmethionine through a biotin synthesis protein BioC resulting in an S-adenosylhomocysteine and a malonyl-[acp] methyl ester. The latter compound is then involved in the synthesis of a 3-ketoglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester through a 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase. The compound 3-ketoglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester is reduced by a NADPH-mediated 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in a 3R-hydroxyglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. It is then dehydrated through a (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase producing an enoylglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. enoylglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester is then reduced through an NADPH mediated enoyl-acp-reductase [NADH] resulting in a glutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. Continuing, glutaryl-[acp] methyl ester interacts with a malonyl-[acp] through a 3-oxoacyl-[acp] synthase 2 resulting in a 3-ketopimeloyl [acp] methyl ester then is further reduced through an NADPH 3-oxoacyl [acp] reductase producing a 3-hydroxypimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester and then dehydrated by (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase to produce an enoylpimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester. The product is then reduced by an NADPH-dependent enoyl-[acp]reductase resulting in a pimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester. Reacting with water through a carboxylesterase, pimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester is converted into a pimeloyl-[acp] and a methanol. The pimeloyl-acp reacts with L-alanine through an 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase resulting in 8-amino-7-oxononanoate which in turn reacts with S-adenosylmethionine through a 7,8-diaminonanoate transaminase resulting in an S-adenosyl-4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate and 7,8-diaminononanoate. The latter compound is then dephosphorylated through a dethiobiotin synthetase resulting in a dethiobiotin. This compound interacts with a sulfurated[sulfur carrier), a hydrogen ion, and an S-adenosylmethionine through a biotin synthase to produce biotin and releasing L-methionine and a 5-deoxyadenosine. Finally, biotin is then metabolized by a bifunctional protein resulting in pyrophosphate and biotinyl-5-AMP which in turn reacts with the same protein (bifunctional protein birA resulting in a biotin carboxyl carrying protein. This product then enters fatty acid biosynthesis.

Biotin (vitamin H or vitamin B7) is the essential cofactor of biotin-dependent carboxylases, such as pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In E. coli and many organisms, pimelate thioester is derived from malonyl-ACP. The pathway starts with a malonyl-[acp] interacting with S-adenosylmethionine through a biotin synthesis protein BioC resulting in an S-adenosylhomocysteine and a malonyl-[acp] methyl ester. The latter compound is then involved in the synthesis of a 3-ketoglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester through a 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase. The compound 3-ketoglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester is reduced by a NADPH-mediated 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in a 3R-hydroxyglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. It is then dehydrated through a (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase producing an enoylglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. enoylglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester is then reduced through an NADPH mediated enoyl-acp-reductase [NADH] resulting in a glutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. Continuing, glutaryl-[acp] methyl ester interacts with a malonyl-[acp] through a 3-oxoacyl-[acp] synthase 2 resulting in a 3-ketopimeloyl [acp] methyl ester then is further reduced through an NADPH 3-oxoacyl [acp] reductase producing a 3-hydroxypimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester and then dehydrated by (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase to produce an enoylpimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester. The product is then reduced by an NADPH-dependent enoyl-[acp]reductase resulting in a pimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester. Reacting with water through a carboxylesterase, pimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester is converted into a pimeloyl-[acp] and a methanol. The pimeloyl-acp reacts with L-alanine through an 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase resulting in 8-amino-7-oxononanoate which in turn reacts with S-adenosylmethionine through a 7,8-diaminonanoate transaminase resulting in an S-adenosyl-4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate and 7,8-diaminononanoate. The latter compound is then dephosphorylated through a dethiobiotin synthetase resulting in a dethiobiotin. This compound interacts with a sulfurated[sulfur carrier), a hydrogen ion, and an S-adenosylmethionine through a biotin synthase to produce biotin and releasing L-methionine and a 5-deoxyadenosine. Finally, biotin is then metabolized by a bifunctional protein resulting in pyrophosphate and biotinyl-5-AMP which in turn reacts with the same protein (bifunctional protein birA resulting in a biotin carboxyl carrying protein. This product then enters fatty acid biosynthesis.

Biotin (vitamin H or vitamin B7) is the essential cofactor of biotin-dependent carboxylases, such as pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In E. coli and many organisms, pimelate thioester is derived from malonyl-ACP. The pathway starts with a malonyl-[acp] interacting with S-adenosylmethionine through a biotin synthesis protein BioC resulting in an S-adenosylhomocysteine and a malonyl-[acp] methyl ester. The latter compound is then involved in the synthesis of a 3-ketoglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester through a 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase. The compound 3-ketoglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester is reduced by a NADPH-mediated 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in a 3R-hydroxyglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. It is then dehydrated through a (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase producing an enoylglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. enoylglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester is then reduced through an NADPH mediated enoyl-acp-reductase [NADH] resulting in a glutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. Continuing, glutaryl-[acp] methyl ester interacts with a malonyl-[acp] through a 3-oxoacyl-[acp] synthase 2 resulting in a 3-ketopimeloyl [acp] methyl ester then is further reduced through an NADPH 3-oxoacyl [acp] reductase producing a 3-hydroxypimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester and then dehydrated by (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase to produce an enoylpimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester. The product is then reduced by an NADPH-dependent enoyl-[acp]reductase resulting in a pimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester. Reacting with water through a carboxylesterase, pimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester is converted into a pimeloyl-[acp] and a methanol. The pimeloyl-acp reacts with L-alanine through an 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase resulting in 8-amino-7-oxononanoate which in turn reacts with S-adenosylmethionine through a 7,8-diaminonanoate transaminase resulting in an S-adenosyl-4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate and 7,8-diaminononanoate. The latter compound is then dephosphorylated through a dethiobiotin synthetase resulting in a dethiobiotin. This compound interacts with a sulfurated[sulfur carrier), a hydrogen ion, and an S-adenosylmethionine through a biotin synthase to produce biotin and releasing L-methionine and a 5-deoxyadenosine. Finally, biotin is then metabolized by a bifunctional protein resulting in pyrophosphate and biotinyl-5-AMP which in turn reacts with the same protein (bifunctional protein birA resulting in a biotin carboxyl carrying protein. This product then enters fatty acid biosynthesis.

Biotin (vitamin H or vitamin B7) is the essential cofactor of biotin-dependent carboxylases, such as pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In E. coli and many organisms, pimelate thioester is derived from malonyl-ACP. The pathway starts with a malonyl-[acp] interacting with S-adenosylmethionine through a biotin synthesis protein BioC resulting in an S-adenosylhomocysteine and a malonyl-[acp] methyl ester. The latter compound is then involved in the synthesis of a 3-ketoglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester through a 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase. The compound 3-ketoglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester is reduced by a NADPH-mediated 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in a 3R-hydroxyglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. It is then dehydrated through a (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase producing an enoylglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. enoylglutaryl-[acp] methyl ester is then reduced through an NADPH mediated enoyl-acp-reductase [NADH] resulting in a glutaryl-[acp] methyl ester. Continuing, glutaryl-[acp] methyl ester interacts with a malonyl-[acp] through a 3-oxoacyl-[acp] synthase 2 resulting in a 3-ketopimeloyl [acp] methyl ester then is further reduced through an NADPH 3-oxoacyl [acp] reductase producing a 3-hydroxypimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester and then dehydrated by (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase to produce an enoylpimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester. The product is then reduced by an NADPH-dependent enoyl-[acp]reductase resulting in a pimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester. Reacting with water through a carboxylesterase, pimeloyl-[acp] methyl ester is converted into a pimeloyl-[acp] and a methanol. The pimeloyl-acp reacts with L-alanine through an 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase resulting in 8-amino-7-oxononanoate which in turn reacts with S-adenosylmethionine through a 7,8-diaminonanoate transaminase resulting in an S-adenosyl-4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate and 7,8-diaminononanoate. The latter compound is then dephosphorylated through a dethiobiotin synthetase resulting in a dethiobiotin. This compound interacts with a sulfurated[sulfur carrier), a hydrogen ion, and an S-adenosylmethionine through a biotin synthase to produce biotin and releasing L-methionine and a 5-deoxyadenosine. Finally, biotin is then metabolized by a bifunctional protein resulting in pyrophosphate and biotinyl-5-AMP which in turn reacts with the same protein (bifunctional protein birA resulting in a biotin carboxyl carrying protein. This product then enters fatty acid biosynthesis.