Browsing Pathways

Oxaloglycolate (2-Hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate) interacts with a tartrate dehydrogenase resulting in a L-tartrate. L-tartrate then interacts with tartrate dehydrogenase resulting in a Oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate and acetyl-coa interact to result in a citrate which is processed by a aconitate hydratase resulting in a cis-Aconitate and further more into a isocitrate which will eventually be procressed into a glyoxylic acid. Glyoxylic acid can either be metabolized into L-malic acid by a reaction with acetyl-CoA and Water through a malate synthase G which also releases hydrogen ion and Coenzyme A. L-malic acid is then incorporated into the TCA cycle. Glyoxylic acid can also be metabolized by glyoxylate carboligase, releasing a carbon dioxide and tartronate semialdehyde. The latter compound is then reduced by an NADH driven tartronate semialdehyde reductase 2 resulting in glyceric acid. Glyceric acid is phosphorylated by a glycerate kinase 2 resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid. This compound is then integrated into various other pathways: cysteine biosynthesis, serine biosynthesis and glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Dihydrofolic acid, a product of the folate biosynthesis pathway, can be metabolized by multiple enzymes. Dihydrofolic acid can be reduced by a NADP-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADPH, hydrogen ion and folic acid. Dihydrofolic acid can also be reduced by an NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADP and a tetrahydrofolic acid. Folic acid can also produce a tetrahydrofolic acid through a NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase. Dihydrofolic acid also interacts with 5-thymidylic acid through a thymidylate synthase resulting in the release of dUMP and 5,10-methylene-THF Tetrahydrofolic acid can be converted into 5,10-methylene-THF through two different reversible reactions. Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with a S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein through a aminomethyltransferase resulting in the release of ammonia, a dihydrolipoylprotein and 5,10-Methylene-THF Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with L-serine through a glycine hydroxymethyltransferase resulting in a glycine, water and 5,10-Methylene-THF. The compound 5,10-methylene-THF reacts with an NADPH dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [NAD(P)H] resulting in NADP and 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid. This compound interacts with homocysteine through a methionine synthase resulting in L-methionine and tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 10-formyltetrahydrofolate through 4 different enzymes: 1.- Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with FAICAR through a phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase resulting in a 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 2.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with 5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a Glycineamideribotide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 3.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with Formic acid through a formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase resulting in water and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 4.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet) through a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:L-methionyl-tRNA(fMet) N-formyltransferase resulting in a L-methionyl-tRNA(Met) and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 10-formyltetrahydrofolate can interact with a hydrogen ion through a bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in water and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid by reacting with a 5'-phosphoribosyl-a-N-formylglycineamidine through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in water, glycineamideribotide and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid. The latter compound can either interact with water through an aminomethyltransferase resulting in a N5-Formyl-THF, or it can interact with a NADPH driven bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in a NADP and 5,10-Methylene THF.

Methylglyoxal, also known as pyruvaldehyde, is a cytotoxic compound derived from pyruvic acid. In E. coli, there are at least eight pathways that are responsible for the detoxification of methylglyoxal. The first reaction in this pathway is the reduction of pyruvaldehyde to (S)-lactaldehyde, along with the cofactor NADH, catalyzed by 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase subunits A and B. Following this, (S)-lactaldehyde is dehydrogenated into L-lactic acid by the lactaldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme, also using NAD as a cofactor. Finally, L-lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid by L-lactate dehydrogenase in a reaction involving the reduction of an electron acceptor. Pyruvic acid is then used in glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase pathways.

Methylglyoxal, also known as pyruvaldehyde, is a cytotoxic compound derived from pyruvic acid. In E. coli, there are at least eight pathways that are responsible for the detoxification of methylglyoxal. The first reaction in this pathway is the reduction of pyruvaldehyde to (S)-lactaldehyde, along with the cofactor NADH, catalyzed by 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase subunits A and B. Following this, (S)-lactaldehyde is dehydrogenated into L-lactic acid by the lactaldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme, also using NAD as a cofactor. Finally, L-lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid by L-lactate dehydrogenase in a reaction involving the reduction of an electron acceptor. Pyruvic acid is then used in glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase pathways.

Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through glycerophosphoserine reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway.

Adenosine is first incorporated into the cytosol through either a nupG or a nupC transporter. Once in the cytosol, adenosine is degraded into adenine by reacting with a water and a adenosine nucleosidase, releasing a D-ribofuranose and a adenine. The adenine then reacts with a PRPP through a adenine phosphoribosyltransferase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and an AMP . The AMP in turn reacts with a water molecule through a AMP nucleosidase resulting in the release of a D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate and a adenine.

Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway.