Browsing Pathways

Phospholipids are essential components of bacterial membranes, with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cardiolipin being the most common. In bacteria capable of producing N-methylated PE derivatives, PE biosynthesis begins from glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a glycolytic intermediate), which is reduced to sn-glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Sn-glycerol-3-phosphate is acylated at the sn-1 position by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and at the sn-2 position by 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase to form phosphatidic acid, which is activated by CDP-diacylglycerol synthetase to CDP-diacylglycerol. This intermediate is converted either to phosphatidylserine by phosphatidylserine synthase or to phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate by phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, with phosphatidylserine subsequently decarboxylated to PE. The produced PE then undergoes sequential methylation reactions using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. First, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase converts PE to monomethyl-PE (PE-NMe), releasing S-adenosylhomocysteine and a hydrogen ion. Second, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase catalyzes the formation of dimethyl-PE (PE-NMe2) from PE-NMe, again releasing SAM byproducts. Finally, PE-NMe2 is converted to phosphatidylcholine (PC) via a third methylation by phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. The presence and efficiency of these methylation steps can vary across bacterial species, with some, such as Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli, capable of producing one or more N-methylated PE derivatives, while others may also utilize choline-dependent pathways to produce PC independently of PE methylation. In all cases, the fatty acid composition of PE, PE-NMe, and PE-NMe2 typically consists of C14–C18 chains, reflecting the common lipid environment in bacteria producing N-methylated PE compounds.

Phospholipids are essential components of bacterial membranes, with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cardiolipin being the most common. In bacteria capable of producing N-methylated PE derivatives, PE biosynthesis begins from glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a glycolytic intermediate), which is reduced to sn-glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Sn-glycerol-3-phosphate is acylated at the sn-1 position by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and at the sn-2 position by 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase to form phosphatidic acid, which is activated by CDP-diacylglycerol synthetase to CDP-diacylglycerol. This intermediate is converted either to phosphatidylserine by phosphatidylserine synthase or to phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate by phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, with phosphatidylserine subsequently decarboxylated to PE. The produced PE then undergoes sequential methylation reactions using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. First, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase converts PE to monomethyl-PE (PE-NMe), releasing S-adenosylhomocysteine and a hydrogen ion. Second, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase catalyzes the formation of dimethyl-PE (PE-NMe2) from PE-NMe, again releasing SAM byproducts. Finally, PE-NMe2 is converted to phosphatidylcholine (PC) via a third methylation by phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. The presence and efficiency of these methylation steps can vary across bacterial species, with some, such as Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli, capable of producing one or more N-methylated PE derivatives, while others may also utilize choline-dependent pathways to produce PC independently of PE methylation. In all cases, the fatty acid composition of PE, PE-NMe, and PE-NMe2 typically consists of C14–C18 chains, reflecting the common lipid environment in bacteria producing N-methylated PE compounds.

Phospholipids are essential components of bacterial membranes, with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cardiolipin being the most common. In bacteria capable of producing N-methylated PE derivatives, PE biosynthesis begins from glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a glycolytic intermediate), which is reduced to sn-glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Sn-glycerol-3-phosphate is acylated at the sn-1 position by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and at the sn-2 position by 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase to form phosphatidic acid, which is activated by CDP-diacylglycerol synthetase to CDP-diacylglycerol. This intermediate is converted either to phosphatidylserine by phosphatidylserine synthase or to phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate by phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, with phosphatidylserine subsequently decarboxylated to PE. The produced PE then undergoes sequential methylation reactions using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. First, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase converts PE to monomethyl-PE (PE-NMe), releasing S-adenosylhomocysteine and a hydrogen ion. Second, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase catalyzes the formation of dimethyl-PE (PE-NMe2) from PE-NMe, again releasing SAM byproducts. Finally, PE-NMe2 is converted to phosphatidylcholine (PC) via a third methylation by phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. The presence and efficiency of these methylation steps can vary across bacterial species, with some, such as Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli, capable of producing one or more N-methylated PE derivatives, while others may also utilize choline-dependent pathways to produce PC independently of PE methylation. In all cases, the fatty acid composition of PE, PE-NMe, and PE-NMe2 typically consists of C14–C18 chains, reflecting the common lipid environment in bacteria producing N-methylated PE compounds.

Phospholipids are essential components of bacterial membranes, with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cardiolipin being the most common. In bacteria capable of producing N-methylated PE derivatives, PE biosynthesis begins from glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a glycolytic intermediate), which is reduced to sn-glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Sn-glycerol-3-phosphate is acylated at the sn-1 position by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and at the sn-2 position by 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase to form phosphatidic acid, which is activated by CDP-diacylglycerol synthetase to CDP-diacylglycerol. This intermediate is converted either to phosphatidylserine by phosphatidylserine synthase or to phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate by phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, with phosphatidylserine subsequently decarboxylated to PE. The produced PE then undergoes sequential methylation reactions using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. First, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase converts PE to monomethyl-PE (PE-NMe), releasing S-adenosylhomocysteine and a hydrogen ion. Second, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase catalyzes the formation of dimethyl-PE (PE-NMe2) from PE-NMe, again releasing SAM byproducts. Finally, PE-NMe2 is converted to phosphatidylcholine (PC) via a third methylation by phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. The presence and efficiency of these methylation steps can vary across bacterial species, with some, such as Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli, capable of producing one or more N-methylated PE derivatives, while others may also utilize choline-dependent pathways to produce PC independently of PE methylation. In all cases, the fatty acid composition of PE, PE-NMe, and PE-NMe2 typically consists of C14–C18 chains, reflecting the common lipid environment in bacteria producing N-methylated PE compounds.

Phospholipids are essential components of bacterial membranes, with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cardiolipin being the most common. In bacteria capable of producing N-methylated PE derivatives, PE biosynthesis begins from glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a glycolytic intermediate), which is reduced to sn-glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Sn-glycerol-3-phosphate is acylated at the sn-1 position by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and at the sn-2 position by 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase to form phosphatidic acid, which is activated by CDP-diacylglycerol synthetase to CDP-diacylglycerol. This intermediate is converted either to phosphatidylserine by phosphatidylserine synthase or to phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate by phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, with phosphatidylserine subsequently decarboxylated to PE. The produced PE then undergoes sequential methylation reactions using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. First, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase converts PE to monomethyl-PE (PE-NMe), releasing S-adenosylhomocysteine and a hydrogen ion. Second, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase catalyzes the formation of dimethyl-PE (PE-NMe2) from PE-NMe, again releasing SAM byproducts. Finally, PE-NMe2 is converted to phosphatidylcholine (PC) via a third methylation by phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. The presence and efficiency of these methylation steps can vary across bacterial species, with some, such as Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli, capable of producing one or more N-methylated PE derivatives, while others may also utilize choline-dependent pathways to produce PC independently of PE methylation. In all cases, the fatty acid composition of PE, PE-NMe, and PE-NMe2 typically consists of C14–C18 chains, reflecting the common lipid environment in bacteria producing N-methylated PE compounds.

Phospholipids are membrane components in E. coli. The major phospholipids of E. coli are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. All phospholipids contain sn-glycerol-3-phosphate esterified with fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The reaction starts from a glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) produced in glycolysis. The glycerone phosphate is transformed into an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glycerol 3 phosphate) by NADPH-driven glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed to a 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid). This can be achieved by an sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase that interacts either with a long-chain acyl-CoA or with an acyl-[acp]. The 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed into a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid) through a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. This compound is then converted into a CPD-diacylglycerol through a CTP phosphatidate cytididyltransferase. CPD-diacylglycerol can be transformed either into an L-1-phosphatidylserine or an L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate through a phosphatidylserine synthase or a phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, respectively. The L-1-phosphatidylserine transforms into L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine through a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. On the other hand, L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate gets transformed into an L-1-phosphatidyl-glycerol through a phosphatidylglycerophosphatase. These 2 products combine to produce a cardiolipin and an ethanolamine. The L-1 phosphatidyl-glycerol can also interact with cardiolipin synthase resulting in a glycerol and a cardiolipin.

Phospholipids are membrane components in E. coli. The major phospholipids of E. coli are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. All phospholipids contain sn-glycerol-3-phosphate esterified with fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The reaction starts from a glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) produced in glycolysis. The glycerone phosphate is transformed into an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glycerol 3 phosphate) by NADPH-driven glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed to a 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid). This can be achieved by an sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase that interacts either with a long-chain acyl-CoA or with an acyl-[acp]. The 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed into a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid) through a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. This compound is then converted into a CPD-diacylglycerol through a CTP phosphatidate cytididyltransferase. CPD-diacylglycerol can be transformed either into an L-1-phosphatidylserine or an L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate through a phosphatidylserine synthase or a phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, respectively. The L-1-phosphatidylserine transforms into L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine through a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. On the other hand, L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate gets transformed into an L-1-phosphatidyl-glycerol through a phosphatidylglycerophosphatase. These 2 products combine to produce a cardiolipin and an ethanolamine. The L-1 phosphatidyl-glycerol can also interact with cardiolipin synthase resulting in a glycerol and a cardiolipin.

Phospholipids are membrane components in E. coli. The major phospholipids of E. coli are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. All phospholipids contain sn-glycerol-3-phosphate esterified with fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The reaction starts from a glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) produced in glycolysis. The glycerone phosphate is transformed into an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glycerol 3 phosphate) by NADPH-driven glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed to a 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid). This can be achieved by an sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase that interacts either with a long-chain acyl-CoA or with an acyl-[acp]. The 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed into a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid) through a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. This compound is then converted into a CPD-diacylglycerol through a CTP phosphatidate cytididyltransferase. CPD-diacylglycerol can be transformed either into an L-1-phosphatidylserine or an L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate through a phosphatidylserine synthase or a phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, respectively. The L-1-phosphatidylserine transforms into L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine through a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. On the other hand, L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate gets transformed into an L-1-phosphatidyl-glycerol through a phosphatidylglycerophosphatase. These 2 products combine to produce a cardiolipin and an ethanolamine. The L-1 phosphatidyl-glycerol can also interact with cardiolipin synthase resulting in a glycerol and a cardiolipin.

Phospholipids are membrane components in E. coli. The major phospholipids of E. coli are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. All phospholipids contain sn-glycerol-3-phosphate esterified with fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The reaction starts from a glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) produced in glycolysis. The glycerone phosphate is transformed into an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glycerol 3 phosphate) by NADPH-driven glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed to a 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid). This can be achieved by an sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase that interacts either with a long-chain acyl-CoA or with an acyl-[acp]. The 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed into a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid) through a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. This compound is then converted into a CPD-diacylglycerol through a CTP phosphatidate cytididyltransferase. CPD-diacylglycerol can be transformed either into an L-1-phosphatidylserine or an L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate through a phosphatidylserine synthase or a phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, respectively. The L-1-phosphatidylserine transforms into L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine through a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. On the other hand, L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate gets transformed into an L-1-phosphatidyl-glycerol through a phosphatidylglycerophosphatase. These 2 products combine to produce a cardiolipin and an ethanolamine. The L-1 phosphatidyl-glycerol can also interact with cardiolipin synthase resulting in a glycerol and a cardiolipin.

Phospholipids are membrane components in E. coli. The major phospholipids of E. coli are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. All phospholipids contain sn-glycerol-3-phosphate esterified with fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The reaction starts from a glycerone phosphate (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) produced in glycolysis. The glycerone phosphate is transformed into an sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glycerol 3 phosphate) by NADPH-driven glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed to a 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid). This can be achieved by an sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase that interacts either with a long-chain acyl-CoA or with an acyl-[acp]. The 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is transformed into a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid) through a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. This compound is then converted into a CPD-diacylglycerol through a CTP phosphatidate cytididyltransferase. CPD-diacylglycerol can be transformed either into an L-1-phosphatidylserine or an L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate through a phosphatidylserine synthase or a phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase, respectively. The L-1-phosphatidylserine transforms into L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine through a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. On the other hand, L-1-phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate gets transformed into an L-1-phosphatidyl-glycerol through a phosphatidylglycerophosphatase. These 2 products combine to produce a cardiolipin and an ethanolamine. The L-1 phosphatidyl-glycerol can also interact with cardiolipin synthase resulting in a glycerol and a cardiolipin.