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Pathway Description
Acetate Metabolism
Escherichia coli
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2015-10-13
Last Updated: 2025-01-24
The acetate biosynthesis starts with acetyl-CoA reacting with phosphate through a phosphate acetyltransferase resulting in the release of a coenzyme A and an acetyl phosphate. The latter compound in turn reacts with ADP through an acetate kinase resulting in the release of an ATP and an acetate. The acetate reacts with ATP and coenzyme A through an acetyl-CoA synthase resulting in the release of a diphosphate, an AMP and an acetyl-CoA.
Acetyl-CoA can be biosynthesized by acetoacetate reacting with an acetyl-CoA through an acetoacetyl-CoA transferase resulting in the release of an acetate and an acetoacetyl-CoA. The acetoacetyl-CoA reacts with an acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase resulting in the release of an coenzyme A and 2 acetyl-CoA
References
Acetate Metabolism References
Diaz-Ricci JC, Regan L, Bailey JE: Effect of alteration of the acetic acid synthesis pathway on the fermentation pattern of escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1991 Dec 20;38(11):1318-24. doi: 10.1002/bit.260381109.
Pubmed: 18600733
Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology (EcoSal). Online edition.
Hahm DH, Pan J, Rhee JS: Characterization and evaluation of a pta (phosphotransacetylase) negative mutant of Escherichia coli HB101 as production host of foreign lipase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1994 Oct;42(1):100-7.
Pubmed: 7765811
Kakuda H, Shiroishi K, Hosono K, Ichihara S: Construction of Pta-Ack pathway deletion mutants of Escherichia coli and characteristic growth profiles of the mutants in a rich medium. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1994 Dec;58(12):2232-5.
Pubmed: 7765717
Pauli G, Overath P: ato Operon: a highly inducible system for acetoacetate and butyrate degradation in Escherichia coli. Eur J Biochem. 1972 Sep 25;29(3):553-62.
Pubmed: 4563344
Kumari S, Beatty CM, Browning DF, Busby SJ, Simel EJ, Hovel-Miner G, Wolfe AJ: Regulation of acetyl coenzyme A synthetase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2000 Aug;182(15):4173-9.
Pubmed: 10894724
Kumari S, Tishel R, Eisenbach M, Wolfe AJ: Cloning, characterization, and functional expression of acs, the gene which encodes acetyl coenzyme A synthetase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1995 May;177(10):2878-86.
Pubmed: 7751300
Valgepea K, Adamberg K, Nahku R, Lahtvee PJ, Arike L, Vilu R: Systems biology approach reveals that overflow metabolism of acetate in Escherichia coli is triggered by carbon catabolite repression of acetyl-CoA synthetase. BMC Syst Biol. 2010 Dec 1;4:166. doi: 10.1186/1752-0509-4-166.
Pubmed: 21122111
Kakuda H, Hosono K, Shiroishi K, Ichihara S: Identification and characterization of the ackA (acetate kinase A)-pta (phosphotransacetylase) operon and complementation analysis of acetate utilization by an ackA-pta deletion mutant of Escherichia coli. J Biochem. 1994 Oct;116(4):916-22. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124616.
Pubmed: 7883769
Chang DE, Shin S, Rhee JS, Pan JG: Acetate metabolism in a pta mutant of Escherichia coli W3110: importance of maintaining acetyl coenzyme A flux for growth and survival. J Bacteriol. 1999 Nov;181(21):6656-63.
Pubmed: 10542166
Matsuyama A, Yamamoto-Otake H, Hewitt J, MacGillivray RT, Nakano E: Nucleotide sequence of the phosphotransacetylase gene of Escherichia coli strain K12. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Oct 18;1219(2):559-62. doi: 10.1016/0167-4781(94)90089-2.
Pubmed: 7918659
Matsuyama A, Yamamoto H, Nakano E: Cloning, expression, and nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 ackA gene. J Bacteriol. 1989 Jan;171(1):577-80. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.1.577-580.1989.
Pubmed: 2536666
Yamamoto Y, Aiba H, Baba T, Hayashi K, Inada T, Isono K, Itoh T, Kimura S, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Miki T, Mitsuhashi N, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Nakade S, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Oshima T, Oyama S, Saito N, Sampei G, Satoh Y, Sivasundaram S, Tagami H, Horiuchi T, et al.: Construction of a contiguous 874-kb sequence of the Escherichia coli -K12 genome corresponding to 50.0-68.8 min on the linkage map and analysis of its sequence features. DNA Res. 1997 Apr 28;4(2):91-113. doi: 10.1093/dnares/4.2.91.
Pubmed: 9205837
Kumari S, Tishel R, Eisenbach M, Wolfe AJ: Cloning, characterization, and functional expression of acs, the gene which encodes acetyl coenzyme A synthetase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1995 May;177(10):2878-86. doi: 10.1128/jb.177.10.2878-2886.1995.
Pubmed: 7751300
Blattner FR, Burland V, Plunkett G 3rd, Sofia HJ, Daniels DL: Analysis of the Escherichia coli genome. IV. DNA sequence of the region from 89.2 to 92.8 minutes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Nov 25;21(23):5408-17. doi: 10.1093/nar/21.23.5408.
Pubmed: 8265357
Blattner FR, Plunkett G 3rd, Bloch CA, Perna NT, Burland V, Riley M, Collado-Vides J, Glasner JD, Rode CK, Mayhew GF, Gregor J, Davis NW, Kirkpatrick HA, Goeden MA, Rose DJ, Mau B, Shao Y: The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1453-62. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5331.1453.
Pubmed: 9278503
Itoh T, Aiba H, Baba T, Hayashi K, Inada T, Isono K, Kasai H, Kimura S, Kitakawa M, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Miki T, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Mori T, Motomura K, Nakade S, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Nishio Y, Oshima T, Saito N, Sampei G, Seki Y, Horiuchi T, et al.: A 460-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 40.1-50.0 min region on the linkage map. DNA Res. 1996 Dec 31;3(6):379-92. doi: 10.1093/dnares/3.6.379.
Pubmed: 9097040
Hayashi K, Morooka N, Yamamoto Y, Fujita K, Isono K, Choi S, Ohtsubo E, Baba T, Wanner BL, Mori H, Horiuchi T: Highly accurate genome sequences of Escherichia coli K-12 strains MG1655 and W3110. Mol Syst Biol. 2006;2:2006.0007. doi: 10.1038/msb4100049. Epub 2006 Feb 21.
Pubmed: 16738553
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