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Matched Description: on the central nervous system like other opioids do. Loperamide is taken orally and travels to the … myenteric plexus, which is a plexus of neurons that is located between the longitudinal and circular … voltage-operated calcium channels which prevents calcium from entering the neuron, and it opens calcium … results in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability. Subsequently this prevents acetylcholine … and other excitatory neurons from being released into the synapse. The low concentration of

Matched Description: Eluxadoline is a mixed mu-opioid receptor agonist kappa-opioid receptor agonist, and a-delta opioid … orally and travels to the myenteric plexus, which is a plexus of neurons that is located between the … longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the intestine. Here it activates the mu-opioid receptors … neuron, and it opens calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels which causes sodium to … leave the neuron. This results in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability. Subsequently this

Matched Description: Nimotop and Nymalize. Nimodipine is a 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It acts primarily … calcium-dependent smooth muscle contraction and subsequent vasoconstriction. Compared to other calcium … is not known, nimodipine blocks intracellular influx of calcium through voltage-dependent and … receptor-operated slow calcium channels across the membranes of myocardial, vascular smooth muscle, and … targets the alpha-1C, alpha-1D, alpha-1E, alpha-1S, beta-1, beta-2, beta-3, and beta-4 subunits.Evidence

Matched Description: by dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency, non-diabetic autonomic neuropathy and primary autonomic … improving orthostatic blood pressure and alleviating associated symptoms of lightheadedness, dizziness … , blurred vision, and syncope through the induction of tachycardia (increased heart rate) and … calcium channels in the membrane, causing the channels to open and allow Ca2+ into the cell. This causes … concentration of Ca2+ binds to troponin to cause cardiac muscle contractions and therefore, an

Matched Description: receptors and lack of entry into the central nervous system (through the blood-brain barrier … ). Naloxegol antagonizes mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors, having a slightly better affinity to the mu … neuron. This allows calcium to enter the neuron and depolarize. The inhibition of mu-opioid receptors … to depolarize and the high concentration of calcium releases acetylcholine and nitric acid into the … muscles of the intestines, causing muscle contraction. The nitric oxide diffuses into the myocyte and

Matched Description: muscles, on vascular endothelial cells, in the heart, and in the central nervous system. The H1 … receptor is linked to an intracellular G-protein (Gq) that activates phospholipase C and the inositol … hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to diacyl glycerol (DAG) and inositol … protein such as Gαq, and a complex of two tightly linked proteins called Gβ and Gγ in a Gβγ complex … . When not stimulated by a receptor, Gα is bound to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and to Gβγ to form the

Matched Description: Diamorphine (heroin) is a narcotic analgesic used to manage pain and to induce feelings of … diamorphine instead of heroin. It is a pro-drug for morphine and 6-MAM which means diamorphine … doesn't act on opioid receptors itself, and instead synthesizes morphine and 6-acetylmorphine (6-MAM … ) which act on mu-opioid receptors, as well as kappa-opioid receptors and delta-opioid receptors. These … of diamorphine and 6-MAM's ability to pass through membranes due to it being lipid soluble. The

Matched Description: proteins, defined by the alpha subunits they contain: the Gαs family, Gαi/Gαo family, Gαq family, and … is a heterotrimeric G protein, composed of three subunits: a Gα protein such as Gsα, and a complex … of two tightly linked proteins called Gβ and Gγ in a Gβγ complex. When not stimulated by a receptor … , Gα is bound to GDP and to Gβγ to form the inactive G protein trimer. When the receptor binds an … as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor to promote GDP release from and GTP binding to Gα, which

Matched Description: Oxybutynin is an antimuscarinic agent that relaxes the muscles of the bladder, and prevents the … urge to void. This helps with conditions such as bladder spasms and overactive bladder syndrome (OABS … ). Oxybutynin is an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors subtype M1, M2, and M3. In the … bladder muscles, M2 and M3 are present in a 3 to 1 concentration. However, it has been found that the … Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate to inositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol

Matched Description: deactivation of protein kinase A (PKA) and the inhibition of various downstream signaling pathways … involved, the tissues in question, and the overall context of the signaling pathways. Different serotonin … , depending on the receptor subtype and downstream signaling pathways involved. Serotonin increases the … motility of the GI tract muscles, induces muscle constriction in the lungs and uterus, influences … , excites nociceptive pain neurons, and influences CNS neurons. Serotonin also plays a role in the symptoms