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Pathway Description
Triamterene Action Pathway
Homo sapiens
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Drug Action
Created: 2013-08-22
Last Updated: 2021-06-01
Triamterene is a diuretic that belongs to the potassium-sparing class of drugs which are commonly used to manage hypertension and edema. It acts by blocking epithelial sodium channels in the late distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. Specifically, triamterene inhibits amiloride-sensitive sodium channels which are responsible for the reabsorption of sodium in the late distal convoluted tubule in the nephron. This primarily contributes to an increase in sodium excretion and consequentially, fluid excretion which decreases blood volume and blood pressure. Potassium secretion is indirectly affected by the inhibition of sodium reabsorption due to the elimination of the electrochemical gradient that drives potassium loss. This leads to an increase in serum potassium concentration -- a common action for potassium-sparing drugs -- and has the potential to induce hyperkalemia which can potentially lead to severe heart arrhythmias.
References
Triamterene Pathway References
Brater DC: Pharmacology of diuretics. Am J Med Sci. 2000 Jan;319(1):38-50.
Pubmed: 10653443
Davies DL, Wilson GM: Diuretics: mechanism of action and clinical application. Drugs. 1975;9(3):178-226.
Pubmed: 1092541
Tushar C, Okusa MD. Chapter 63: Aldosterone Antagonists, Amiloride, and Triamterene. In: Critical Care Nephrology. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2019. p. 368–373.
Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Guo AC, Lo EJ, Marcu A, Grant JR, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Sayeeda Z, Assempour N, Iynkkaran I, Liu Y, Maciejewski A, Gale N, Wilson A, Chin L, Cummings R, Le D, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M: DrugBank 5.0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D1074-D1082. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1037.
Pubmed: 29126136
Voilley N, Lingueglia E, Champigny G, Mattei MG, Waldmann R, Lazdunski M, Barbry P: The lung amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel: biophysical properties, pharmacology, ontogenesis, and molecular cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jan 4;91(1):247-51. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.1.247.
Pubmed: 8278374
McDonald FJ, Snyder PM, McCray PB Jr, Welsh MJ: Cloning, expression, and tissue distribution of a human amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel. Am J Physiol. 1994 Jun;266(6 Pt 1):L728-34. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1994.266.6.L728.
Pubmed: 8023962
Ludwig M, Bolkenius U, Wickert L, Marynen P, Bidlingmaier F: Structural organisation of the gene encoding the alpha-subunit of the human amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel. Hum Genet. 1998 May;102(5):576-81. doi: 10.1007/s004390050743.
Pubmed: 9654208
Voilley N, Bassilana F, Mignon C, Merscher S, Mattei MG, Carle GF, Lazdunski M, Barbry P: Cloning, chromosomal localization, and physical linkage of the beta and gamma subunits (SCNN1B and SCNN1G) of the human epithelial amiloride-sensitive sodium channel. Genomics. 1995 Aug 10;28(3):560-5. doi: 10.1006/geno.1995.1188.
Pubmed: 7490094
McDonald FJ, Price MP, Snyder PM, Welsh MJ: Cloning and expression of the beta- and gamma-subunits of the human epithelial sodium channel. Am J Physiol. 1995 May;268(5 Pt 1):C1157-63. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1995.268.5.C1157.
Pubmed: 7762608
Saxena A, Hanukoglu I, Strautnieks SS, Thompson RJ, Gardiner RM, Hanukoglu A: Gene structure of the human amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel beta subunit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Nov 9;252(1):208-13. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9625.
Pubmed: 9813171
Waldmann R, Champigny G, Bassilana F, Voilley N, Lazdunski M: Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel. J Biol Chem. 1995 Nov 17;270(46):27411-4. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.46.27411.
Pubmed: 7499195
Ji HL, Su XF, Kedar S, Li J, Barbry P, Smith PR, Matalon S, Benos DJ: Delta-subunit confers novel biophysical features to alpha beta gamma-human epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) via a physical interaction. J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 24;281(12):8233-41. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M512293200. Epub 2006 Jan 19.
Pubmed: 16423824
Bangel-Ruland N, Sobczak K, Christmann T, Kentrup D, Langhorst H, Kusche-Vihrog K, Weber WM: Characterization of the epithelial sodium channel delta-subunit in human nasal epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2010 Apr;42(4):498-505. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0053OC. Epub 2009 Jun 11.
Pubmed: 19520916
Saxena A, Hanukoglu I, Saxena D, Thompson RJ, Gardiner RM, Hanukoglu A: Novel mutations responsible for autosomal recessive multisystem pseudohypoaldosteronism and sequence variants in epithelial sodium channel alpha-, beta-, and gamma-subunit genes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul;87(7):3344-50. doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.7.8674.
Pubmed: 12107247
Gorboulev V, Ulzheimer JC, Akhoundova A, Ulzheimer-Teuber I, Karbach U, Quester S, Baumann C, Lang F, Busch AE, Koepsell H: Cloning and characterization of two human polyspecific organic cation transporters. DNA Cell Biol. 1997 Jul;16(7):871-81. doi: 10.1089/dna.1997.16.871.
Pubmed: 9260930
Urakami Y, Akazawa M, Saito H, Okuda M, Inui K: cDNA cloning, functional characterization, and tissue distribution of an alternatively spliced variant of organic cation transporter hOCT2 predominantly expressed in the human kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Jul;13(7):1703-10. doi: 10.1097/01.asn.0000019413.78751.46.
Pubmed: 12089365
Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. doi: 10.1038/ng1285. Epub 2003 Dec 21.
Pubmed: 14702039
Mastroianni N, De Fusco M, Zollo M, Arrigo G, Zuffardi O, Bettinelli A, Ballabio A, Casari G: Molecular cloning, expression pattern, and chromosomal localization of the human Na-Cl thiazide-sensitive cotransporter (SLC12A3). Genomics. 1996 Aug 1;35(3):486-93.
Pubmed: 8812482
Syren ML, Tedeschi S, Cesareo L, Bellantuono R, Colussi G, Procaccio M, Ali A, Domenici R, Malberti F, Sprocati M, Sacco M, Miglietti N, Edefonti A, Sereni F, Casari G, Coviello DA, Bettinelli A: Identification of fifteen novel mutations in the SLC12A3 gene encoding the Na-Cl Co-transporter in Italian patients with Gitelman syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2002 Jul;20(1):78. doi: 10.1002/humu.9045.
Pubmed: 12112667
Simon DB, Nelson-Williams C, Bia MJ, Ellison D, Karet FE, Molina AM, Vaara I, Iwata F, Cushner HM, Koolen M, Gainza FJ, Gitleman HJ, Lifton RP: Gitelman's variant of Bartter's syndrome, inherited hypokalaemic alkalosis, is caused by mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter. Nat Genet. 1996 Jan;12(1):24-30. doi: 10.1038/ng0196-24.
Pubmed: 8528245
Kawakami K, Ohta T, Nojima H, Nagano K: Primary structure of the alpha-subunit of human Na,K-ATPase deduced from cDNA sequence. J Biochem. 1986 Aug;100(2):389-97. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a121726.
Pubmed: 2430951
Ruiz A, Bhat SP, Bok D: Characterization and quantification of full-length and truncated Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 and beta 1 RNA transcripts expressed in human retinal pigment epithelium. Gene. 1995 Apr 3;155(2):179-84. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)00812-7.
Pubmed: 7536695
Vanmolkot KR, Kors EE, Hottenga JJ, Terwindt GM, Haan J, Hoefnagels WA, Black DF, Sandkuijl LA, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AM: Novel mutations in the Na+, K+-ATPase pump gene ATP1A2 associated with familial hemiplegic migraine and benign familial infantile convulsions. Ann Neurol. 2003 Sep;54(3):360-6. doi: 10.1002/ana.10674.
Pubmed: 12953268
De Fusco M, Marconi R, Silvestri L, Atorino L, Rampoldi L, Morgante L, Ballabio A, Aridon P, Casari G: Haploinsufficiency of ATP1A2 encoding the Na+/K+ pump alpha2 subunit associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2. Nat Genet. 2003 Feb;33(2):192-6. doi: 10.1038/ng1081. Epub 2003 Jan 21.
Pubmed: 12539047
Swoboda KJ, Kanavakis E, Xaidara A, Johnson JE, Leppert MF, Schlesinger-Massart MB, Ptacek LJ, Silver K, Youroukos S: Alternating hemiplegia of childhood or familial hemiplegic migraine? A novel ATP1A2 mutation. Ann Neurol. 2004 Jun;55(6):884-7. doi: 10.1002/ana.20134.
Pubmed: 15174025
Heinzen EL, Swoboda KJ, Hitomi Y, Gurrieri F, Nicole S, de Vries B, Tiziano FD, Fontaine B, Walley NM, Heavin S, Panagiotakaki E, Fiori S, Abiusi E, Di Pietro L, Sweney MT, Newcomb TM, Viollet L, Huff C, Jorde LB, Reyna SP, Murphy KJ, Shianna KV, Gumbs CE, Little L, Silver K, Ptacek LJ, Haan J, Ferrari MD, Bye AM, Herkes GK, Whitelaw CM, Webb D, Lynch BJ, Uldall P, King MD, Scheffer IE, Neri G, Arzimanoglou A, van den Maagdenberg AM, Sisodiya SM, Mikati MA, Goldstein DB: De novo mutations in ATP1A3 cause alternating hemiplegia of childhood. Nat Genet. 2012 Sep;44(9):1030-4. doi: 10.1038/ng.2358. Epub 2012 Jul 29.
Pubmed: 22842232
Ishii A, Saito Y, Mitsui J, Ishiura H, Yoshimura J, Arai H, Yamashita S, Kimura S, Oguni H, Morishita S, Tsuji S, Sasaki M, Hirose S: Identification of ATP1A3 mutations by exome sequencing as the cause of alternating hemiplegia of childhood in Japanese patients. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56120. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056120. Epub 2013 Feb 8.
Pubmed: 23409136
Demos MK, van Karnebeek CD, Ross CJ, Adam S, Shen Y, Zhan SH, Shyr C, Horvath G, Suri M, Fryer A, Jones SJ, Friedman JM: A novel recurrent mutation in ATP1A3 causes CAPOS syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2014 Jan 28;9:15. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-15.
Pubmed: 24468074
Kidney Function References
Mount DB: Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Nov 7;9(11):1974-86. doi: 10.2215/CJN.04480413. Epub 2014 Oct 15.
Pubmed: 25318757
Giebisch G: Renal potassium channels: function, regulation, and structure. Kidney Int. 2001 Aug;60(2):436-45. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.060002436.x.
Pubmed: 11473623
Subramanya AR, Ellison DH: Distal convoluted tubule. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Dec 5;9(12):2147-63. doi: 10.2215/CJN.05920613. Epub 2014 May 22.
Pubmed: 24855283
Voilley N, Lingueglia E, Champigny G, Mattei MG, Waldmann R, Lazdunski M, Barbry P: The lung amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel: biophysical properties, pharmacology, ontogenesis, and molecular cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jan 4;91(1):247-51. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.1.247.
Pubmed: 8278374
McDonald FJ, Snyder PM, McCray PB Jr, Welsh MJ: Cloning, expression, and tissue distribution of a human amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel. Am J Physiol. 1994 Jun;266(6 Pt 1):L728-34. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.1994.266.6.L728.
Pubmed: 8023962
Ludwig M, Bolkenius U, Wickert L, Marynen P, Bidlingmaier F: Structural organisation of the gene encoding the alpha-subunit of the human amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel. Hum Genet. 1998 May;102(5):576-81. doi: 10.1007/s004390050743.
Pubmed: 9654208
Voilley N, Bassilana F, Mignon C, Merscher S, Mattei MG, Carle GF, Lazdunski M, Barbry P: Cloning, chromosomal localization, and physical linkage of the beta and gamma subunits (SCNN1B and SCNN1G) of the human epithelial amiloride-sensitive sodium channel. Genomics. 1995 Aug 10;28(3):560-5. doi: 10.1006/geno.1995.1188.
Pubmed: 7490094
McDonald FJ, Price MP, Snyder PM, Welsh MJ: Cloning and expression of the beta- and gamma-subunits of the human epithelial sodium channel. Am J Physiol. 1995 May;268(5 Pt 1):C1157-63. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1995.268.5.C1157.
Pubmed: 7762608
Saxena A, Hanukoglu I, Strautnieks SS, Thompson RJ, Gardiner RM, Hanukoglu A: Gene structure of the human amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel beta subunit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Nov 9;252(1):208-13. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9625.
Pubmed: 9813171
Waldmann R, Champigny G, Bassilana F, Voilley N, Lazdunski M: Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel. J Biol Chem. 1995 Nov 17;270(46):27411-4. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.46.27411.
Pubmed: 7499195
Ji HL, Su XF, Kedar S, Li J, Barbry P, Smith PR, Matalon S, Benos DJ: Delta-subunit confers novel biophysical features to alpha beta gamma-human epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) via a physical interaction. J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 24;281(12):8233-41. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M512293200. Epub 2006 Jan 19.
Pubmed: 16423824
Bangel-Ruland N, Sobczak K, Christmann T, Kentrup D, Langhorst H, Kusche-Vihrog K, Weber WM: Characterization of the epithelial sodium channel delta-subunit in human nasal epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2010 Apr;42(4):498-505. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0053OC. Epub 2009 Jun 11.
Pubmed: 19520916
Saxena A, Hanukoglu I, Saxena D, Thompson RJ, Gardiner RM, Hanukoglu A: Novel mutations responsible for autosomal recessive multisystem pseudohypoaldosteronism and sequence variants in epithelial sodium channel alpha-, beta-, and gamma-subunit genes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul;87(7):3344-50. doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.7.8674.
Pubmed: 12107247
Gorboulev V, Ulzheimer JC, Akhoundova A, Ulzheimer-Teuber I, Karbach U, Quester S, Baumann C, Lang F, Busch AE, Koepsell H: Cloning and characterization of two human polyspecific organic cation transporters. DNA Cell Biol. 1997 Jul;16(7):871-81. doi: 10.1089/dna.1997.16.871.
Pubmed: 9260930
Urakami Y, Akazawa M, Saito H, Okuda M, Inui K: cDNA cloning, functional characterization, and tissue distribution of an alternatively spliced variant of organic cation transporter hOCT2 predominantly expressed in the human kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Jul;13(7):1703-10. doi: 10.1097/01.asn.0000019413.78751.46.
Pubmed: 12089365
Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. doi: 10.1038/ng1285. Epub 2003 Dec 21.
Pubmed: 14702039
Mastroianni N, De Fusco M, Zollo M, Arrigo G, Zuffardi O, Bettinelli A, Ballabio A, Casari G: Molecular cloning, expression pattern, and chromosomal localization of the human Na-Cl thiazide-sensitive cotransporter (SLC12A3). Genomics. 1996 Aug 1;35(3):486-93.
Pubmed: 8812482
Syren ML, Tedeschi S, Cesareo L, Bellantuono R, Colussi G, Procaccio M, Ali A, Domenici R, Malberti F, Sprocati M, Sacco M, Miglietti N, Edefonti A, Sereni F, Casari G, Coviello DA, Bettinelli A: Identification of fifteen novel mutations in the SLC12A3 gene encoding the Na-Cl Co-transporter in Italian patients with Gitelman syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2002 Jul;20(1):78. doi: 10.1002/humu.9045.
Pubmed: 12112667
Simon DB, Nelson-Williams C, Bia MJ, Ellison D, Karet FE, Molina AM, Vaara I, Iwata F, Cushner HM, Koolen M, Gainza FJ, Gitleman HJ, Lifton RP: Gitelman's variant of Bartter's syndrome, inherited hypokalaemic alkalosis, is caused by mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter. Nat Genet. 1996 Jan;12(1):24-30. doi: 10.1038/ng0196-24.
Pubmed: 8528245
Kawakami K, Ohta T, Nojima H, Nagano K: Primary structure of the alpha-subunit of human Na,K-ATPase deduced from cDNA sequence. J Biochem. 1986 Aug;100(2):389-97. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a121726.
Pubmed: 2430951
Ruiz A, Bhat SP, Bok D: Characterization and quantification of full-length and truncated Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 and beta 1 RNA transcripts expressed in human retinal pigment epithelium. Gene. 1995 Apr 3;155(2):179-84. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)00812-7.
Pubmed: 7536695
Vanmolkot KR, Kors EE, Hottenga JJ, Terwindt GM, Haan J, Hoefnagels WA, Black DF, Sandkuijl LA, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AM: Novel mutations in the Na+, K+-ATPase pump gene ATP1A2 associated with familial hemiplegic migraine and benign familial infantile convulsions. Ann Neurol. 2003 Sep;54(3):360-6. doi: 10.1002/ana.10674.
Pubmed: 12953268
De Fusco M, Marconi R, Silvestri L, Atorino L, Rampoldi L, Morgante L, Ballabio A, Aridon P, Casari G: Haploinsufficiency of ATP1A2 encoding the Na+/K+ pump alpha2 subunit associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2. Nat Genet. 2003 Feb;33(2):192-6. doi: 10.1038/ng1081. Epub 2003 Jan 21.
Pubmed: 12539047
Swoboda KJ, Kanavakis E, Xaidara A, Johnson JE, Leppert MF, Schlesinger-Massart MB, Ptacek LJ, Silver K, Youroukos S: Alternating hemiplegia of childhood or familial hemiplegic migraine? A novel ATP1A2 mutation. Ann Neurol. 2004 Jun;55(6):884-7. doi: 10.1002/ana.20134.
Pubmed: 15174025
Heinzen EL, Swoboda KJ, Hitomi Y, Gurrieri F, Nicole S, de Vries B, Tiziano FD, Fontaine B, Walley NM, Heavin S, Panagiotakaki E, Fiori S, Abiusi E, Di Pietro L, Sweney MT, Newcomb TM, Viollet L, Huff C, Jorde LB, Reyna SP, Murphy KJ, Shianna KV, Gumbs CE, Little L, Silver K, Ptacek LJ, Haan J, Ferrari MD, Bye AM, Herkes GK, Whitelaw CM, Webb D, Lynch BJ, Uldall P, King MD, Scheffer IE, Neri G, Arzimanoglou A, van den Maagdenberg AM, Sisodiya SM, Mikati MA, Goldstein DB: De novo mutations in ATP1A3 cause alternating hemiplegia of childhood. Nat Genet. 2012 Sep;44(9):1030-4. doi: 10.1038/ng.2358. Epub 2012 Jul 29.
Pubmed: 22842232
Ishii A, Saito Y, Mitsui J, Ishiura H, Yoshimura J, Arai H, Yamashita S, Kimura S, Oguni H, Morishita S, Tsuji S, Sasaki M, Hirose S: Identification of ATP1A3 mutations by exome sequencing as the cause of alternating hemiplegia of childhood in Japanese patients. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56120. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056120. Epub 2013 Feb 8.
Pubmed: 23409136
Demos MK, van Karnebeek CD, Ross CJ, Adam S, Shen Y, Zhan SH, Shyr C, Horvath G, Suri M, Fryer A, Jones SJ, Friedman JM: A novel recurrent mutation in ATP1A3 causes CAPOS syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2014 Jan 28;9:15. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-15.
Pubmed: 24468074
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