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Pathway Description
NAD Salvage
Escherichia coli
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2015-03-31
Last Updated: 2025-09-04
NAD molecules have a relatively short half-life. NAD can be degraded by enzymes, and the degraded NAD molecule can be recouped by NAD salvage cycles. NAD salvage cycles can be used for recycling degraded NAD products such as nicotinamide and nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide. NAD salvage cycles can also be used for absorption of exogenous NAD+. NAD reacts spontaneously with water resulting in the release of hydrogen ion, AMP and beta-nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide. This enzyme can either interact spontaneously with water resulting in the release of D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate, hydrogen ion and Nacinamide. On the other hand beta-nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide can also react with water through NMN amidohydrolase resulting in ammonium, and Nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide. Also it can interact with water spontaneously resulting in the release of phosphate resulting in a Nicotinamide riboside. Niacinamide interacts with water through a nicotinamidase resulting in a release of ammonium and nicotinic acid. Nicotinic acid interacts with water and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through an ATP driven nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase resulting in the release of ADP, pyrophosphate and phosphate and nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide. Nicotinamide riboside interacts with an ATP driven NadR DNA-binding transcriptional repressor and NMN adenylyltransferase (Escherichia coli) resulting in a ADP, hydrogen ion and beta-nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide. The latter interacts with ATP and hydrogen ions through NadR DNA-binding transcriptional repressor and NMN adenylyltransferase resulting in pyrophosphate and NAD. Nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide is adenylated through the interaction with ATP and a hydrogen ion through a nicotinate-mononucleotide adenylyltransferase resulting in pyrophosphate and Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide interacts with L-glutamine and water through an ATP driven NAD synthease, NH3-dependent resulting in AMP, pyrophosphate, hydrogen ion, L-glutamic acid and NAD.
References
NAD Salvage References
Park UE, Roth JR, Olivera BM: Salmonella typhimurium mutants lacking NAD pyrophosphatase. J Bacteriol. 1988 Aug;170(8):3725-30.
Pubmed: 2841298
Foster JW, Baskowsky-Foster AM: Pyridine nucleotide cycle of Salmonella typhimurium: in vivo recycling of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. J Bacteriol. 1980 Jun;142(3):1032-5.
Pubmed: 6445894
Foster JW, Kinney DM, Moat AG: Pyridine nucleotide cycle of Salmonella typhimurium: isolation and characterization of pncA, pncB, and pncC mutants and utilization of exogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. J Bacteriol. 1979 Mar;137(3):1165-75.
Pubmed: 220211
Hillyard D, Rechsteiner M, Manlapaz-Ramos P, Imperial JS, Cruz LJ, Olivera BM: The pyridine nucleotide cycle. Studies in Escherichia coli and the human cell line D98/AH2. J Biol Chem. 1981 Aug 25;256(16):8491-7.
Pubmed: 7021549
Jerlstrom PG, Bezjak DA, Jennings MP, Beacham IR: Structure and expression in Escherichia coli K-12 of the L-asparaginase I-encoding ansA gene and its flanking regions. Gene. 1989 May 15;78(1):37-46. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90312-0.
Pubmed: 2670682
Frothingham R, Meeker-O'Connell WA, Talbot EA, George JW, Kreuzer KN: Identification, cloning, and expression of the Escherichia coli pyrazinamidase and nicotinamidase gene, pncA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Jun;40(6):1426-31.
Pubmed: 8726014
Aiba H, Baba T, Hayashi K, Inada T, Isono K, Itoh T, Kasai H, Kashimoto K, Kimura S, Kitakawa M, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Miki T, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Mori T, Motomura K, Nakade S, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Nishio Y, Oshima T, Saito N, Sampei G, Horiuchi T, et al.: A 570-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 28.0-40.1 min region on the linkage map. DNA Res. 1996 Dec 31;3(6):363-77. doi: 10.1093/dnares/3.6.363.
Pubmed: 9097039
Wubbolts MG, Terpstra P, van Beilen JB, Kingma J, Meesters HA, Witholt B: Variation of cofactor levels in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis and expression of the pncB gene encoding nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase. J Biol Chem. 1990 Oct 15;265(29):17665-72.
Pubmed: 2211655
Oshima T, Aiba H, Baba T, Fujita K, Hayashi K, Honjo A, Ikemoto K, Inada T, Itoh T, Kajihara M, Kanai K, Kashimoto K, Kimura S, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Masuda S, Miki T, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Motomura K, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Nishio Y, Saito N, Horiuchi T, et al.: A 718-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 12.7-28.0 min region on the linkage map. DNA Res. 1996 Jun 30;3(3):137-55. doi: 10.1093/dnares/3.3.137.
Pubmed: 8905232
Blattner FR, Plunkett G 3rd, Bloch CA, Perna NT, Burland V, Riley M, Collado-Vides J, Glasner JD, Rode CK, Mayhew GF, Gregor J, Davis NW, Kirkpatrick HA, Goeden MA, Rose DJ, Mau B, Shao Y: The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1453-62. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5331.1453.
Pubmed: 9278503
Ehlert K, Holtje JV, Templin MF: Cloning and expression of a murein hydrolase lipoprotein from Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1995 May;16(4):761-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02437.x.
Pubmed: 7476170
Yamamoto Y, Aiba H, Baba T, Hayashi K, Inada T, Isono K, Itoh T, Kimura S, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Miki T, Mitsuhashi N, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Nakade S, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Oshima T, Oyama S, Saito N, Sampei G, Satoh Y, Sivasundaram S, Tagami H, Horiuchi T, et al.: Construction of a contiguous 874-kb sequence of the Escherichia coli -K12 genome corresponding to 50.0-68.8 min on the linkage map and analysis of its sequence features. DNA Res. 1997 Apr 28;4(2):91-113. doi: 10.1093/dnares/4.2.91.
Pubmed: 9205837
Hayashi K, Morooka N, Yamamoto Y, Fujita K, Isono K, Choi S, Ohtsubo E, Baba T, Wanner BL, Mori H, Horiuchi T: Highly accurate genome sequences of Escherichia coli K-12 strains MG1655 and W3110. Mol Syst Biol. 2006;2:2006.0007. doi: 10.1038/msb4100049. Epub 2006 Feb 21.
Pubmed: 16738553
Allibert P, Willison JC, Vignais PM: Complementation of nitrogen-regulatory (ntr-like) mutations in Rhodobacter capsulatus by an Escherichia coli gene: cloning and sequencing of the gene and characterization of the gene product. J Bacteriol. 1987 Jan;169(1):260-71. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.1.260-271.1987.
Pubmed: 3025172
Burland V, Plunkett G 3rd, Sofia HJ, Daniels DL, Blattner FR: Analysis of the Escherichia coli genome VI: DNA sequence of the region from 92.8 through 100 minutes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1995 Jun 25;23(12):2105-19. doi: 10.1093/nar/23.12.2105.
Pubmed: 7610040
This pathway was propagated using PathWhiz -
Pon, A. et al. Pathways with PathWhiz (2015) Nucleic Acids Res. 43(Web Server issue): W552–W559.
Propagated from SMP0000850
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