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Pathway Description
Glycine Metabolism
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2016-05-04
Last Updated: 2019-08-14
The biosynthesis of glycine begins with 3-phospho-D-glycerate being metabolize into 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate through a 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. The resulting compound 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate is transaminated into 3-phospho-L-serine through a phosphoserine transaminase. This is followed by 3-phospho-L-serine being dephosphorylated through a phosphoserine phosphatase resulting in the release of a phosphate and Serine which can then be used to synthesize glycine through a serine hydroxymethyltransferase.
Serine can also be incorporated into the mitochondrion and then serine can then be used to synthesize glycine through a mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Glycine is then used to synthesize formic acid by first being metabolized into 5,10 methylene THF, which is transformed into a 5,10 methenyltetrahydrofolate , followed by an N10 formyl tetrahydrofolate and lastly formic acid, all through a mitochondrial C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase.
Glycine can also be synthesized from threonine through a threonine aldolase resulting in the release of acetaldehyde and glycine.
Glycine can also be synthesized from glyoxylate interacting with alanine through a glyoxylate aminotransferase resulting in the release of glycine and pyruvic acid.
References
Glycine Metabolism References
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Pubmed: 12631323
Liepman AH, Olsen LJ: Peroxisomal alanine : glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT1) is a photorespiratory enzyme with multiple substrates in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2001 Mar;25(5):487-98.
Pubmed: 11309139
Liepman AH, Olsen LJ: Alanine aminotransferase homologs catalyze the glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase reaction in peroxisomes of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2003 Jan;131(1):215-27. doi: 10.1104/pp.011460.
Pubmed: 12529529
Somerville CR: An early Arabidopsis demonstration. Resolving a few issues concerning photorespiration. Plant Physiol. 2001 Jan;125(1):20-4.
Pubmed: 11154287
Zrenner R, Riegler H, Marquard CR, Lange PR, Geserick C, Bartosz CE, Chen CT, Slocum RD: A functional analysis of the pyrimidine catabolic pathway in Arabidopsis. New Phytol. 2009;183(1):117-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02843.x. Epub 2009 Apr 29.
Pubmed: 19413687
Joshi V, Laubengayer KM, Schauer N, Fernie AR, Jander G: Two Arabidopsis threonine aldolases are nonredundant and compete with threonine deaminase for a common substrate pool. Plant Cell. 2006 Dec;18(12):3564-75. doi: 10.1105/tpc.106.044958. Epub 2006 Dec 15.
Pubmed: 17172352
Goyer A, Collakova E, Diaz de la Garza R, Quinlivan EP, Williamson J, Gregory JF 3rd, Shachar-Hill Y, Hanson AD: 5-Formyltetrahydrofolate is an inhibitory but well tolerated metabolite in Arabidopsis leaves. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jul 15;280(28):26137-42. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M503106200. Epub 2005 May 11.
Pubmed: 15888445
Moreno JI, Martin R, Castresana C: Arabidopsis SHMT1, a serine hydroxymethyltransferase that functions in the photorespiratory pathway influences resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Plant J. 2005 Feb;41(3):451-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02311.x.
Pubmed: 15659103
Somerville CR, Ogren WL: Photorespiration-deficient Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana Lacking Mitochondrial Serine Transhydroxymethylase Activity. Plant Physiol. 1981 Apr;67(4):666-71.
Pubmed: 16661733
Ho CL, Noji M, Saito M, Yamazaki M, Saito K: Molecular characterization of plastidic phosphoserine aminotransferase in serine biosynthesis from Arabidopsis. Plant J. 1998 Nov;16(4):443-52.
Pubmed: 9881164
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Pubmed: 10617198
Cheng CY, Krishnakumar V, Chan AP, Thibaud-Nissen F, Schobel S, Town CD: Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome. Plant J. 2017 Feb;89(4):789-804. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13415. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Pubmed: 27862469
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Pubmed: 11130712
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Pubmed: 14593172
Lin X, Kaul S, Rounsley S, Shea TP, Benito MI, Town CD, Fujii CY, Mason T, Bowman CL, Barnstead M, Feldblyum TV, Buell CR, Ketchum KA, Lee J, Ronning CM, Koo HL, Moffat KS, Cronin LA, Shen M, Pai G, Van Aken S, Umayam L, Tallon LJ, Gill JE, Adams MD, Carrera AJ, Creasy TH, Goodman HM, Somerville CR, Copenhaver GP, Preuss D, Nierman WC, White O, Eisen JA, Salzberg SL, Fraser CM, Venter JC: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 2 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 1999 Dec 16;402(6763):761-8. doi: 10.1038/45471.
Pubmed: 10617197
Zhang Q, Lee J, Pandurangan S, Clarke M, Pajak A, Marsolais F: Characterization of Arabidopsis serine:glyoxylate aminotransferase, AGT1, as an asparagine aminotransferase. Phytochemistry. 2013 Jan;85:30-5. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.09.017. Epub 2012 Oct 22.
Pubmed: 23098902
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