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Pathway Description
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-04-06
Last Updated: 2019-08-14
Oxidative phosphorylation is the concluding pathway in cellular respiration, the series of metabolic processes that convert chemical energy from glucose into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a usable form of energy for the cell. A series of five protein complexes, each with increasing reduction potentials, located in the mitochondrial inner membrane forms the electron transport chain (ETC). Electrons are transferred from one complex to the next in a series of redox reactions which release energy used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. As a result, an electrochemical gradient forms across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Complex V (ATP synthase) is the singular channel by which protons flow back into the matrix. ATP synthase uses this gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate (Pi). Complex I is the NADH dehydrogenase complex responsible for the oxidation of NADH and the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q), transferring two electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. Four protons are pumped into the intermembrane space as a result of this electron transfer, and a further two protons are pumped due to the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol. Complex II is the succinate dehydrogenase complex responsible for the oxidation of succinate into fumarate and the reduction of ubiquinone, transferring two electrons from succinate to ubiquinone instead of directly to the ETC. No protons are pumped at this complex because succinate oxidation releases less energy than NADH oxidation. Complex III is the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex responsible for transferring electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c. Two protons are pumped into the intermembrane space as a result of the oxidization of one molecule of ubiquinol (a coenzyme that can carry two electrons) and the reduction of two molecules of cytochrome c (a heme protein that can carry only one electron). Complex IV is the cytochrome c oxidase complex responsible for transferring electrons to oxygen, the terminal electron acceptor, and reducing it to water. Four protons are pumped into the intermembrane space as a result of the electron transfer. In addition, the reduction of oxygen further contributes to the proton gradient due to its use of matrix protons. Complex V is the mitochondrial membrane F-Type ATP synthase which produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane (generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain). An F-Type ATPase is composed of two domains: a catalytic core (where ATP is synthesized) and a proton channel.
References
Oxidative Phosphorylation References
Millar AH, Eubel H, Jansch L, Kruft V, Heazlewood JL, Braun HP: Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase complexes contain plant specific subunits. Plant Mol Biol. 2004 Sep;56(1):77-90. doi: 10.1007/s11103-004-2316-2.
Pubmed: 15604729
Unseld M, Marienfeld JR, Brandt P, Brennicke A: The mitochondrial genome of Arabidopsis thaliana contains 57 genes in 366,924 nucleotides. Nat Genet. 1997 Jan;15(1):57-61. doi: 10.1038/ng0197-57.
Pubmed: 8988169
Lin X, Kaul S, Rounsley S, Shea TP, Benito MI, Town CD, Fujii CY, Mason T, Bowman CL, Barnstead M, Feldblyum TV, Buell CR, Ketchum KA, Lee J, Ronning CM, Koo HL, Moffat KS, Cronin LA, Shen M, Pai G, Van Aken S, Umayam L, Tallon LJ, Gill JE, Adams MD, Carrera AJ, Creasy TH, Goodman HM, Somerville CR, Copenhaver GP, Preuss D, Nierman WC, White O, Eisen JA, Salzberg SL, Fraser CM, Venter JC: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 2 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 1999 Dec 16;402(6763):761-8. doi: 10.1038/45471.
Pubmed: 10617197
Cheng CY, Krishnakumar V, Chan AP, Thibaud-Nissen F, Schobel S, Town CD: Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome. Plant J. 2017 Feb;89(4):789-804. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13415. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Pubmed: 27862469
Lippok B, Brennicke A, Unseld M: The rps4-gene is encoded upstream of the nad2-gene in Arabidopsis mitochondria. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler. 1996 Apr;377(4):251-7.
Pubmed: 8737990
Giege P, Brennicke A: RNA editing in Arabidopsis mitochondria effects 441 C to U changes in ORFs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Dec 21;96(26):15324-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.26.15324.
Pubmed: 10611383
Bentolila S, Elliott LE, Hanson MR: Genetic architecture of mitochondrial editing in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics. 2008 Mar;178(3):1693-708. doi: 10.1534/genetics.107.073585. Epub 2007 Jun 11.
Pubmed: 17565941
Brandt P, Sunkel S, Unseld M, Brennicke A, Knoop V: The nad4L gene is encoded between exon c of nad5 and orf25 in the Arabidopsis mitochondrial genome. Mol Gen Genet. 1992 Dec;236(1):33-8. doi: 10.1007/bf00279640.
Pubmed: 1494348
Knoop V, Schuster W, Wissinger B, Brennicke A: Trans splicing integrates an exon of 22 nucleotides into the nad5 mRNA in higher plant mitochondria. EMBO J. 1991 Nov;10(11):3483-93.
Pubmed: 1915303
Yamada K, Lim J, Dale JM, Chen H, Shinn P, Palm CJ, Southwick AM, Wu HC, Kim C, Nguyen M, Pham P, Cheuk R, Karlin-Newmann G, Liu SX, Lam B, Sakano H, Wu T, Yu G, Miranda M, Quach HL, Tripp M, Chang CH, Lee JM, Toriumi M, Chan MM, Tang CC, Onodera CS, Deng JM, Akiyama K, Ansari Y, Arakawa T, Banh J, Banno F, Bowser L, Brooks S, Carninci P, Chao Q, Choy N, Enju A, Goldsmith AD, Gurjal M, Hansen NF, Hayashizaki Y, Johnson-Hopson C, Hsuan VW, Iida K, Karnes M, Khan S, Koesema E, Ishida J, Jiang PX, Jones T, Kawai J, Kamiya A, Meyers C, Nakajima M, Narusaka M, Seki M, Sakurai T, Satou M, Tamse R, Vaysberg M, Wallender EK, Wong C, Yamamura Y, Yuan S, Shinozaki K, Davis RW, Theologis A, Ecker JR: Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis genome. Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):842-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1088305.
Pubmed: 14593172
Kruft V, Eubel H, Jansch L, Werhahn W, Braun HP: Proteomic approach to identify novel mitochondrial proteins in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2001 Dec;127(4):1694-710.
Pubmed: 11743114
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