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Pathway Description
Vitamin B6 Metabolism
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2017-12-05
Last Updated: 2024-11-18
Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin essential for all living organisms. It is an important cofactor for enzymatic reactions in over one hundred different cellular reactions and processes. Vitamin B6 exists in different natural forms called vitamers, which are produced by plants, bacteria, and fungi, but not by animals and humans. These vitamers include: pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxine (PN) and pyridoxamine (PM) and their phosphorylated vitamers, PLP, PNP and PMP respectively. Vitamin B6 metabolic pathway was mainly characterized in E. coli, however most organisms, including plants, utilize an alternate pathway. In plants, the various vitamers can be produced via different specific pathways. In A. thaliana, this biosynthetic pathway involves few subpathways, which include: glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate produced by glycolysis and ribulose 5-phosphate produced by PPP are synthesized to pyridoxal 5-phosphate by a synthase. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate is then dephosphorylated to pyridoxal. Pyridoxal, a form of vitamin B6, could act as a precursor for butanoate metabolsim. Moreover, from PPP, 2-Oxo-3-hydroxy-4-phosphobutanoate is produced, this is synthesized to O-phospho-4-hydroxy-L-threonine and then to 4-hydroxy-L-threonine. Pyridoxine could also be produced after a multistep reaction from 4-hydroxy-L-threonine, which is then synthesized to pyridoxal. Glycoaldehyde produced from glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism is converted to pyridoxine. Pyridoxine could also undergo phosphorylation where it is converted to pyridoxine phosphate which is then synthesized to pyridoxal 5-phosphate where the later is dephosphorylated to pyridoxal. Pyridoxal could also be synthesized to pyridoxamine, this that is phosphorylated to pyridoxamin 5-phosphate, which is then synthesized to pyridoxal 5-phosphate.
References
Vitamin B6 Metabolism References
Denslow SA, Rueschhoff EE, Daub ME: Regulation of the Arabidopsis thaliana vitamin B6 biosynthesis genes by abiotic stress. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2007 Feb;45(2):152-61. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.01.007. Epub 2007 Jan 20.
Pubmed: 17344055
Vanderschuren H, Boycheva S, Li KT, Szydlowski N, Gruissem W, Fitzpatrick TB: Strategies for vitamin B6 biofortification of plants: a dual role as a micronutrient and a stress protectant. Front Plant Sci. 2013 May 21;4:143. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00143. eCollection 2013.
Pubmed: 23734155
Hellmann H, Mooney S: Vitamin B6: a molecule for human health? Molecules. 2010 Jan 20;15(1):442-59. doi: 10.3390/molecules15010442.
Pubmed: 20110903
Lin X, Kaul S, Rounsley S, Shea TP, Benito MI, Town CD, Fujii CY, Mason T, Bowman CL, Barnstead M, Feldblyum TV, Buell CR, Ketchum KA, Lee J, Ronning CM, Koo HL, Moffat KS, Cronin LA, Shen M, Pai G, Van Aken S, Umayam L, Tallon LJ, Gill JE, Adams MD, Carrera AJ, Creasy TH, Goodman HM, Somerville CR, Copenhaver GP, Preuss D, Nierman WC, White O, Eisen JA, Salzberg SL, Fraser CM, Venter JC: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 2 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 1999 Dec 16;402(6763):761-8. doi: 10.1038/45471.
Pubmed: 10617197
Cheng CY, Krishnakumar V, Chan AP, Thibaud-Nissen F, Schobel S, Town CD: Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome. Plant J. 2017 Feb;89(4):789-804. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13415. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Pubmed: 27862469
Yamada K, Lim J, Dale JM, Chen H, Shinn P, Palm CJ, Southwick AM, Wu HC, Kim C, Nguyen M, Pham P, Cheuk R, Karlin-Newmann G, Liu SX, Lam B, Sakano H, Wu T, Yu G, Miranda M, Quach HL, Tripp M, Chang CH, Lee JM, Toriumi M, Chan MM, Tang CC, Onodera CS, Deng JM, Akiyama K, Ansari Y, Arakawa T, Banh J, Banno F, Bowser L, Brooks S, Carninci P, Chao Q, Choy N, Enju A, Goldsmith AD, Gurjal M, Hansen NF, Hayashizaki Y, Johnson-Hopson C, Hsuan VW, Iida K, Karnes M, Khan S, Koesema E, Ishida J, Jiang PX, Jones T, Kawai J, Kamiya A, Meyers C, Nakajima M, Narusaka M, Seki M, Sakurai T, Satou M, Tamse R, Vaysberg M, Wallender EK, Wong C, Yamamura Y, Yuan S, Shinozaki K, Davis RW, Theologis A, Ecker JR: Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis genome. Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):842-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1088305.
Pubmed: 14593172
Sato S, Nakamura Y, Kaneko T, Katoh T, Asamizu E, Kotani H, Tabata S: Structural analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 5. X. Sequence features of the regions of 3,076,755 bp covered by sixty P1 and TAC clones. DNA Res. 2000 Feb 28;7(1):31-63. doi: 10.1093/dnares/7.1.31.
Pubmed: 10718197
Theologis A, Ecker JR, Palm CJ, Federspiel NA, Kaul S, White O, Alonso J, Altafi H, Araujo R, Bowman CL, Brooks SY, Buehler E, Chan A, Chao Q, Chen H, Cheuk RF, Chin CW, Chung MK, Conn L, Conway AB, Conway AR, Creasy TH, Dewar K, Dunn P, Etgu P, Feldblyum TV, Feng J, Fong B, Fujii CY, Gill JE, Goldsmith AD, Haas B, Hansen NF, Hughes B, Huizar L, Hunter JL, Jenkins J, Johnson-Hopson C, Khan S, Khaykin E, Kim CJ, Koo HL, Kremenetskaia I, Kurtz DB, Kwan A, Lam B, Langin-Hooper S, Lee A, Lee JM, Lenz CA, Li JH, Li Y, Lin X, Liu SX, Liu ZA, Luros JS, Maiti R, Marziali A, Militscher J, Miranda M, Nguyen M, Nierman WC, Osborne BI, Pai G, Peterson J, Pham PK, Rizzo M, Rooney T, Rowley D, Sakano H, Salzberg SL, Schwartz JR, Shinn P, Southwick AM, Sun H, Tallon LJ, Tambunga G, Toriumi MJ, Town CD, Utterback T, Van Aken S, Vaysberg M, Vysotskaia VS, Walker M, Wu D, Yu G, Fraser CM, Venter JC, Davis RW: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):816-20. doi: 10.1038/35048500.
Pubmed: 11130712
Lum HK, Kwok F, Lo SC: Cloning and characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana pyridoxal kinase. Planta. 2002 Sep;215(5):870-9. doi: 10.1007/s00425-002-0799-0. Epub 2002 Jun 14.
Pubmed: 12244454
Shi H, Xiong L, Stevenson B, Lu T, Zhu JK: The Arabidopsis salt overly sensitive 4 mutants uncover a critical role for vitamin B6 in plant salt tolerance. Plant Cell. 2002 Mar;14(3):575-88. doi: 10.1105/tpc.010417.
Pubmed: 11910005
Kotani H, Nakamura Y, Sato S, Asamizu E, Kaneko T, Miyajima N, Tabata S: Structural analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 5. VI. Sequence features of the regions of 1,367,185 bp covered by 19 physically assigned P1 and TAC clones. DNA Res. 1998 Jun 30;5(3):203-16. doi: 10.1093/dnares/5.3.203.
Pubmed: 9734815
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