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Pathway Description
Carotenoid BIosynthesis
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2020-03-29
Last Updated: 2020-04-23
Carotenoids are terpenoids classified as orange, red or yellow fat- soluble pigments. These are responsible for the colouring of plants, such as tomatoes. Carotenoids are also essential in photosynthesis. This pathway involves many sub-pathways, such as retinol metabolism, lutein biosynthesis, the xanthophyll cycle, and abscisic acid biosynthesis. As with other terpenoid pathways, carotenoid biosynthesis begins with geranylgeranyl-PP. This takes place in the chloroplast, and the pathway continues here for almost all the subsequent reactions. Geranylgeranyl-PP is then converted to prephytoene diphosphate by using the enzyme phytoene synthase. This enzyme continues to catalyze compounds in the next reaction, using prephytoene diphosphate to produce phytoene. Phytoene is then converted to phytofluene, using the enzyme 15-cis-phytoene desaturase. Phytofluene then uses this enzyme again to create 9-cis,9'-cis-7,7',8,8'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene. From here, neurosporene is created with the help of zeta-carotene desaturase. This enzyme works again to convert neurosporene to lycopene. Lycopene uses lycopene beta cyclase to become y-Carotene, which uses the same enzyme to create b-carotene. Continuing in the chloroplast, b-carotene teams up with two enzymes, beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase 1 and protein lutein deficient 5 to produce b-cryptoxanthin. These two enzymes then convert b-cryptoxanthin to zeaxanthin. This marks the beginning of the xanthophyll cycle, which end in the creation of violaxanthin, an oxygen-containing xanthophyll. From here, abscisic acid biosynthesis begins, in the cytoplasm, and ends in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen.
References
Carotenoid BIosynthesis References
Latowski D, Kuczynska P, Strzalka K: Xanthophyll cycle--a mechanism protecting plants against oxidative stress. Redox Rep. 2011;16(2):78-90. doi: 10.1179/174329211X13020951739938.
Pubmed: 21722416
Ruiz-Sola MA, Rodriguez-Concepcion M: Carotenoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis: a colorful pathway. Arabidopsis Book. 2012;10:e0158. doi: 10.1199/tab.0158. Epub 2012 Jan 19.
Pubmed: 22582030
Cunningham FX Jr, Pogson B, Sun Z, McDonald KA, DellaPenna D, Gantt E: Functional analysis of the beta and epsilon lycopene cyclase enzymes of Arabidopsis reveals a mechanism for control of cyclic carotenoid formation. Plant Cell. 1996 Sep;8(9):1613-26. doi: 10.1105/tpc.8.9.1613.
Pubmed: 8837512
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Pubmed: 11130713
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Pubmed: 27862469
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Pubmed: 10617198
Yamada K, Lim J, Dale JM, Chen H, Shinn P, Palm CJ, Southwick AM, Wu HC, Kim C, Nguyen M, Pham P, Cheuk R, Karlin-Newmann G, Liu SX, Lam B, Sakano H, Wu T, Yu G, Miranda M, Quach HL, Tripp M, Chang CH, Lee JM, Toriumi M, Chan MM, Tang CC, Onodera CS, Deng JM, Akiyama K, Ansari Y, Arakawa T, Banh J, Banno F, Bowser L, Brooks S, Carninci P, Chao Q, Choy N, Enju A, Goldsmith AD, Gurjal M, Hansen NF, Hayashizaki Y, Johnson-Hopson C, Hsuan VW, Iida K, Karnes M, Khan S, Koesema E, Ishida J, Jiang PX, Jones T, Kawai J, Kamiya A, Meyers C, Nakajima M, Narusaka M, Seki M, Sakurai T, Satou M, Tamse R, Vaysberg M, Wallender EK, Wong C, Yamamura Y, Yuan S, Shinozaki K, Davis RW, Theologis A, Ecker JR: Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis genome. Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):842-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1088305.
Pubmed: 14593172
Theologis A, Ecker JR, Palm CJ, Federspiel NA, Kaul S, White O, Alonso J, Altafi H, Araujo R, Bowman CL, Brooks SY, Buehler E, Chan A, Chao Q, Chen H, Cheuk RF, Chin CW, Chung MK, Conn L, Conway AB, Conway AR, Creasy TH, Dewar K, Dunn P, Etgu P, Feldblyum TV, Feng J, Fong B, Fujii CY, Gill JE, Goldsmith AD, Haas B, Hansen NF, Hughes B, Huizar L, Hunter JL, Jenkins J, Johnson-Hopson C, Khan S, Khaykin E, Kim CJ, Koo HL, Kremenetskaia I, Kurtz DB, Kwan A, Lam B, Langin-Hooper S, Lee A, Lee JM, Lenz CA, Li JH, Li Y, Lin X, Liu SX, Liu ZA, Luros JS, Maiti R, Marziali A, Militscher J, Miranda M, Nguyen M, Nierman WC, Osborne BI, Pai G, Peterson J, Pham PK, Rizzo M, Rooney T, Rowley D, Sakano H, Salzberg SL, Schwartz JR, Shinn P, Southwick AM, Sun H, Tallon LJ, Tambunga G, Toriumi MJ, Town CD, Utterback T, Van Aken S, Vaysberg M, Vysotskaia VS, Walker M, Wu D, Yu G, Fraser CM, Venter JC, Davis RW: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):816-20. doi: 10.1038/35048500.
Pubmed: 11130712
Booker J, Auldridge M, Wills S, McCarty D, Klee H, Leyser O: MAX3/CCD7 is a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase required for the synthesis of a novel plant signaling molecule. Curr Biol. 2004 Jul 27;14(14):1232-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.06.061.
Pubmed: 15268852
Lin X, Kaul S, Rounsley S, Shea TP, Benito MI, Town CD, Fujii CY, Mason T, Bowman CL, Barnstead M, Feldblyum TV, Buell CR, Ketchum KA, Lee J, Ronning CM, Koo HL, Moffat KS, Cronin LA, Shen M, Pai G, Van Aken S, Umayam L, Tallon LJ, Gill JE, Adams MD, Carrera AJ, Creasy TH, Goodman HM, Somerville CR, Copenhaver GP, Preuss D, Nierman WC, White O, Eisen JA, Salzberg SL, Fraser CM, Venter JC: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 2 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 1999 Dec 16;402(6763):761-8. doi: 10.1038/45471.
Pubmed: 10617197
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