Loading Pathway...
Error: Pathway image not found.
Hide
Pathway Description
Pyrimidine Metabolism
Arabidopsis thaliana
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2020-06-27
Last Updated: 2023-10-28
Pyrimidines are heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds. These nitrogenous bases form an essential part of nucleic acids in DNA and RNA. Cytosine and thymine are inserted into the structure of DNA, while RNA utilizes cytosine and uracil. In metabolism, the pyrimidine is usually cleaved and the end products are typically beta-amino acids, ammonia and carbon dioxide. Pyrimidine metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana occurs mostly in the nucleus, cytosol and chloroplast of the cell, with a few reactions taking place in the mitochondria, ER, vacuole, plasma membrane and peroxisome. The pyrimidines are incorporated into DNA in the compounds dTTP and dCTP. The apyrase enzyme or nucleoside diphosphate kinase-1 can convert dTTP to dTDP. Apyrase or thymidylate kinase can then convert dTDP to dTMP. Nucleotide diphosphatase can also metabolize dTTP directly to dTMP. The enzyme 5’-nucleotidase converts dTMP to thymidine. An unknown enzyme then metabolizes thymidine to thymine. Thymine is converted into dihydrothymine by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Dihydropyrimidinase converts dihydrothymine to 3-ureidoisobutyrate, which then forms 3-aminoisobutyrate via beta-ureidopropionase. Nucleotide diphosphate kinase-1 converts dCTP into dCDP, which produces dCMP via the enzyme UMP-CMP kinase-1. Two unknown enzymes metabolize dCMP to 2'-deoxy-5-hydroxymethylcytidine-5'-diphosphate which is then converted to 2'-deoxy-5-hydroxymethylcytidine-5’-triphosphate by nucleotide diphosphate kinase-1. Deoxycytidine is formed from dCMP by 5’-nucleotidase and is converted to deoxyuridine via cytidine deaminase. Thymidine kinase converts deoxyuridine to dUMP. The compound dUMP can also be formed from dCMP using dCMP deaminase. The dUMP formed is converted into dTMP by bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase-1. The dTMP follows the metabolism pathway as previously mentioned to eventually form 3-aminoisobutyrate.
The pyrimidines are incorporated into RNA in the compounds UTP and CTP. UTP is metabolised to UDP using the enzyme apyrase or nucleoside disphosphate kinase-1. UDP then forms UMP via apyrase or via the enzymes UMP-CMP kinase-1 and uridylate kinase. UMP can be directly formed from UTP using nucleotide diphosphatase. Uridine is produced from metabolism of UMP by the enzyme 5’-nucleotidase. Uridine nucleosidase-1 then forms uracil from uridine. Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase can also create uracil directly from UMP. Dihydrouracil is made from uracil via dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Dihydropyrimidinase converts dihydrouracil to 3-ureidopropionate. Finally, β-alanine is generated from 3-ureidopropionate through the enzyme Beta-ureidopropionase.
UTP can be converted into CTP via CTP synthase. CTP is then converted into CDP via apyrase or nucleoside disphosphate kinase-1. CDP forms dCDP via ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase. The dCDP follows the metabolism pathway as previously mentioned, forming 3-aminoisobutyrate. CDP can also form CMP via apyrase or UMP-CMP kinase-1. CMP can be directly produced from CTP using nucleotide diphosphatase. Cytidine is then generated from the metabolism of CMP by 5’-nucleotidase. The cytidine formed can then be metabolized into uracil via cytidine deaminase. Uridine then follows the same metabolism pathway as previously mentioned to eventually form β-alanine.
References
Pyrimidine Metabolism References
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. Pyrimidine, CID=9260, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Pyrimidine (accessed on July 6, 2020)
Angstadt, C. (1997). Purine and pyrimidine metabolism. NetBiochem.
Retrieved from: https://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/NetWelco.htm
Salanoubat M, Lemcke K, Rieger M, Ansorge W, Unseld M, Fartmann B, Valle G, Blocker H, Perez-Alonso M, Obermaier B, Delseny M, Boutry M, Grivell LA, Mache R, Puigdomenech P, De Simone V, Choisne N, Artiguenave F, Robert C, Brottier P, Wincker P, Cattolico L, Weissenbach J, Saurin W, Quetier F, Schafer M, Muller-Auer S, Gabel C, Fuchs M, Benes V, Wurmbach E, Drzonek H, Erfle H, Jordan N, Bangert S, Wiedelmann R, Kranz H, Voss H, Holland R, Brandt P, Nyakatura G, Vezzi A, D'Angelo M, Pallavicini A, Toppo S, Simionati B, Conrad A, Hornischer K, Kauer G, Lohnert TH, Nordsiek G, Reichelt J, Scharfe M, Schon O, Bargues M, Terol J, Climent J, Navarro P, Collado C, Perez-Perez A, Ottenwalder B, Duchemin D, Cooke R, Laudie M, Berger-Llauro C, Purnelle B, Masuy D, de Haan M, Maarse AC, Alcaraz JP, Cottet A, Casacuberta E, Monfort A, Argiriou A, flores M, Liguori R, Vitale D, Mannhaupt G, Haase D, Schoof H, Rudd S, Zaccaria P, Mewes HW, Mayer KF, Kaul S, Town CD, Koo HL, Tallon LJ, Jenkins J, Rooney T, Rizzo M, Walts A, Utterback T, Fujii CY, Shea TP, Creasy TH, Haas B, Maiti R, Wu D, Peterson J, Van Aken S, Pai G, Militscher J, Sellers P, Gill JE, Feldblyum TV, Preuss D, Lin X, Nierman WC, Salzberg SL, White O, Venter JC, Fraser CM, Kaneko T, Nakamura Y, Sato S, Kato T, Asamizu E, Sasamoto S, Kimura T, Idesawa K, Kawashima K, Kishida Y, Kiyokawa C, Kohara M, Matsumoto M, Matsuno A, Muraki A, Nakayama S, Nakazaki N, Shinpo S, Takeuchi C, Wada T, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Yasuda M, Tabata S: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 3 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):820-2. doi: 10.1038/35048706.
Pubmed: 11130713
Cheng CY, Krishnakumar V, Chan AP, Thibaud-Nissen F, Schobel S, Town CD: Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome. Plant J. 2017 Feb;89(4):789-804. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13415. Epub 2017 Feb 10.
Pubmed: 27862469
Yamada K, Lim J, Dale JM, Chen H, Shinn P, Palm CJ, Southwick AM, Wu HC, Kim C, Nguyen M, Pham P, Cheuk R, Karlin-Newmann G, Liu SX, Lam B, Sakano H, Wu T, Yu G, Miranda M, Quach HL, Tripp M, Chang CH, Lee JM, Toriumi M, Chan MM, Tang CC, Onodera CS, Deng JM, Akiyama K, Ansari Y, Arakawa T, Banh J, Banno F, Bowser L, Brooks S, Carninci P, Chao Q, Choy N, Enju A, Goldsmith AD, Gurjal M, Hansen NF, Hayashizaki Y, Johnson-Hopson C, Hsuan VW, Iida K, Karnes M, Khan S, Koesema E, Ishida J, Jiang PX, Jones T, Kawai J, Kamiya A, Meyers C, Nakajima M, Narusaka M, Seki M, Sakurai T, Satou M, Tamse R, Vaysberg M, Wallender EK, Wong C, Yamamura Y, Yuan S, Shinozaki K, Davis RW, Theologis A, Ecker JR: Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis genome. Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):842-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1088305.
Pubmed: 14593172
Vincenzetti S, Cambi A, Neuhard J, Schnorr K, Grelloni M, Vita A: Cloning, expression, and purification of cytidine deaminase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Protein Expr Purif. 1999 Feb;15(1):8-15. doi: 10.1006/prep.1998.0959.
Pubmed: 10024464
Faivre-Nitschke SE, Grienenberger JM, Gualberto JM: A prokaryotic-type cytidine deaminase from Arabidopsis thaliana gene expression and functional characterization. Eur J Biochem. 1999 Aug;263(3):896-903. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00591.x.
Pubmed: 10469156
Lin X, Kaul S, Rounsley S, Shea TP, Benito MI, Town CD, Fujii CY, Mason T, Bowman CL, Barnstead M, Feldblyum TV, Buell CR, Ketchum KA, Lee J, Ronning CM, Koo HL, Moffat KS, Cronin LA, Shen M, Pai G, Van Aken S, Umayam L, Tallon LJ, Gill JE, Adams MD, Carrera AJ, Creasy TH, Goodman HM, Somerville CR, Copenhaver GP, Preuss D, Nierman WC, White O, Eisen JA, Salzberg SL, Fraser CM, Venter JC: Sequence and analysis of chromosome 2 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 1999 Dec 16;402(6763):761-8. doi: 10.1038/45471.
Pubmed: 10617197
Ronceret A, Gadea-Vacas J, Guilleminot J, Lincker F, Delorme V, Lahmy S, Pelletier G, Chaboute ME, Devic M: The first zygotic division in Arabidopsis requires de novo transcription of thymidylate kinase. Plant J. 2008 Mar;53(5):776-89. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03372.x. Epub 2007 Nov 23.
Pubmed: 18036198
Highlighted elements will appear in red.
Highlight Compounds
Highlight Proteins
Enter relative concentration values (without units). Elements will be highlighted in a color gradient where red = lowest concentration and green = highest concentration. For the best results, view the pathway in Black and White.
Visualize Compound Data
Visualize Protein Data
Downloads
Settings