Loading Pathway...
Error: Pathway image not found.
Hide
Pathway Description
Amifampridine Action Pathway
Homo sapiens
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Drug Action
Created: 2023-06-27
Last Updated: 2023-11-27
Amifampridine, also known as Firdapse, is a presynaptic voltage-gated potassium channel blocker. This drug is used to treat Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. LEMS is an auto-immune disorder of the neuromuscular junction that is characterized by proximal muscle weakness, depressed tendon reflexes, and posttetanic potentiation in addition to autonomic dysfunction. This drug blocks presynaptic fast voltage-gated potassium channels, which prolongs the action potential and increases presynaptic calcium concentrations while increasing the acetylcholine concentrations at the neuromuscular junction. Increased intracellular calcium enhances the exocytosis of acetylcholine-containing vesicles and enhances impulse transmission at the synapses. It is administered as an oral tablet.
References
Amifampridine Pathway References
Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Guo AC, Lo EJ, Marcu A, Grant JR, Sajed T, Johnson D, Li C, Sayeeda Z, Assempour N, Iynkkaran I, Liu Y, Maciejewski A, Gale N, Wilson A, Chin L, Cummings R, Le D, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson M: DrugBank 5.0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D1074-D1082. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1037.
Pubmed: 29126136
Lindquist S, Stangel M: Update on treatment options for Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: focus on use of amifampridine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7:341-9. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S10464. Epub 2011 May 30.
Pubmed: 21822385
Oh SJ, Shcherbakova N, Kostera-Pruszczyk A, Alsharabati M, Dimachkie M, Blanco JM, Brannagan T, Lavrnic D, Shieh PB, Vial C, Meisel A, Komoly S, Schoser B, Sivakumar K, So Y: Amifampridine phosphate (Firdapse((R))) is effective and safe in a phase 3 clinical trial in LEMS. Muscle Nerve. 2016 May;53(5):717-25. doi: 10.1002/mus.25070. Epub 2016 Mar 3.
Pubmed: 26852139
Ishida N, Kondo Y, Chikano Y, Kobayashi-Nakade E, Suga Y, Ishizaki J, Komai K, Matsushita R: Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 3,4-diaminopyridine in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2019 Sep;40(8):294-301. doi: 10.1002/bdd.2203.
Pubmed: 31419315
Toussaint JL, Geoffroy V, Schmitt M, Werner A, Garnier JM, Simoni P, Kempf J: Human choline acetyltransferase (CHAT): partial gene sequence and potential control regions. Genomics. 1992 Feb;12(2):412-6.
Pubmed: 1339386
Kraner S, Laufenberg I, Strassburg HM, Sieb JP, Steinlein OK: Congenital myasthenic syndrome with episodic apnea in patients homozygous for a CHAT missense mutation. Arch Neurol. 2003 May;60(5):761-3. doi: 10.1001/archneur.60.5.761.
Pubmed: 12756141
Oda Y, Nakanishi I, Deguchi T: A complementary DNA for human choline acetyltransferase induces two forms of enzyme with different molecular weights in cultured cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1992 Dec;16(3-4):287-94. doi: 10.1016/0169-328x(92)90237-6.
Pubmed: 1337937
Wilson MD, Riemer C, Martindale DW, Schnupf P, Boright AP, Cheung TL, Hardy DM, Schwartz S, Scherer SW, Tsui LC, Miller W, Koop BF: Comparative analysis of the gene-dense ACHE/TFR2 region on human chromosome 7q22 with the orthologous region on mouse chromosome 5. Nucleic Acids Res. 2001 Mar 15;29(6):1352-65. doi: 10.1093/nar/29.6.1352.
Pubmed: 11239002
Soreq H, Ben-Aziz R, Prody CA, Seidman S, Gnatt A, Neville L, Lieman-Hurwitz J, Lev-Lehman E, Ginzberg D, Lipidot-Lifson Y, et al.: Molecular cloning and construction of the coding region for human acetylcholinesterase reveals a G + C-rich attenuating structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec;87(24):9688-92. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.24.9688.
Pubmed: 2263619
Karpel R, Ben Aziz-Aloya R, Sternfeld M, Ehrlich G, Ginzberg D, Tarroni P, Clementi F, Zakut H, Soreq H: Expression of three alternative acetylcholinesterase messenger RNAs in human tumor cell lines of different tissue origins. Exp Cell Res. 1994 Feb;210(2):268-77. doi: 10.1006/excr.1994.1039.
Pubmed: 8299725
Kurabayashi M, Komuro I, Tsuchimochi H, Takaku F, Yazaki Y: Molecular cloning and characterization of human atrial and ventricular myosin alkali light chain cDNA clones. J Biol Chem. 1988 Sep 25;263(27):13930-6.
Pubmed: 3417683
Hoffmann E, Shi QW, Floroff M, Mickle DA, Wu TW, Olley PM, Jackowski G: Molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of a human ventricular myosin light chain 1. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Mar 25;16(5):2353. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.5.2353.
Pubmed: 3357795
Fodor WL, Darras B, Seharaseyon J, Falkenthal S, Francke U, Vanin EF: Human ventricular/slow twitch myosin alkali light chain gene characterization, sequence, and chromosomal location. J Biol Chem. 1989 Feb 5;264(4):2143-9.
Pubmed: 2789520
Lazar V, Garcia JG: A single human myosin light chain kinase gene (MLCK; MYLK). Genomics. 1999 Apr 15;57(2):256-67.
Pubmed: 10198165
Potier MC, Chelot E, Pekarsky Y, Gardiner K, Rossier J, Turnell WG: The human myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) from hippocampus: cloning, sequencing, expression, and localization to 3qcen-q21. Genomics. 1995 Oct 10;29(3):562-70. doi: 10.1006/geno.1995.9965.
Pubmed: 8575746
Garcia JG, Lazar V, Gilbert-McClain LI, Gallagher PJ, Verin AD: Myosin light chain kinase in endothelium: molecular cloning and regulation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1997 May;16(5):489-94. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.16.5.9160829.
Pubmed: 9160829
Wawrzynczak EJ, Perham RN: Isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding human calmodulin. Biochem Int. 1984 Aug;9(2):177-85.
Pubmed: 6385987
Rhyner JA, Ottiger M, Wicki R, Greenwood TM, Strehler EE: Structure of the human CALM1 calmodulin gene and identification of two CALM1-related pseudogenes CALM1P1 and CALM1P2. Eur J Biochem. 1994 Oct 1;225(1):71-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00071.x.
Pubmed: 7925473
Heilig R, Eckenberg R, Petit JL, Fonknechten N, Da Silva C, Cattolico L, Levy M, Barbe V, de Berardinis V, Ureta-Vidal A, Pelletier E, Vico V, Anthouard V, Rowen L, Madan A, Qin S, Sun H, Du H, Pepin K, Artiguenave F, Robert C, Cruaud C, Bruls T, Jaillon O, Friedlander L, Samson G, Brottier P, Cure S, Segurens B, Aniere F, Samain S, Crespeau H, Abbasi N, Aiach N, Boscus D, Dickhoff R, Dors M, Dubois I, Friedman C, Gouyvenoux M, James R, Madan A, Mairey-Estrada B, Mangenot S, Martins N, Menard M, Oztas S, Ratcliffe A, Shaffer T, Trask B, Vacherie B, Bellemere C, Belser C, Besnard-Gonnet M, Bartol-Mavel D, Boutard M, Briez-Silla S, Combette S, Dufosse-Laurent V, Ferron C, Lechaplais C, Louesse C, Muselet D, Magdelenat G, Pateau E, Petit E, Sirvain-Trukniewicz P, Trybou A, Vega-Czarny N, Bataille E, Bluet E, Bordelais I, Dubois M, Dumont C, Guerin T, Haffray S, Hammadi R, Muanga J, Pellouin V, Robert D, Wunderle E, Gauguet G, Roy A, Sainte-Marthe L, Verdier J, Verdier-Discala C, Hillier L, Fulton L, McPherson J, Matsuda F, Wilson R, Scarpelli C, Gyapay G, Wincker P, Saurin W, Quetier F, Waterston R, Hood L, Weissenbach J: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 14. Nature. 2003 Feb 6;421(6923):601-7. doi: 10.1038/nature01348. Epub 2003 Jan 1.
Pubmed: 12508121
Maldonado F, Hanks SK: A cDNA clone encoding human cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit C alpha. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Aug 25;16(16):8189-90. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.16.8189.
Pubmed: 2843813
Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. doi: 10.1038/ng1285. Epub 2003 Dec 21.
Pubmed: 14702039
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. doi: 10.1101/gr.2596504.
Pubmed: 15489334
Beebe SJ, Oyen O, Sandberg M, Froysa A, Hansson V, Jahnsen T: Molecular cloning of a tissue-specific protein kinase (C gamma) from human testis--representing a third isoform for the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Mol Endocrinol. 1990 Mar;4(3):465-75. doi: 10.1210/mend-4-3-465.
Pubmed: 2342480
Bechtel S, Rosenfelder H, Duda A, Schmidt CP, Ernst U, Wellenreuther R, Mehrle A, Schuster C, Bahr A, Blocker H, Heubner D, Hoerlein A, Michel G, Wedler H, Kohrer K, Ottenwalder B, Poustka A, Wiemann S, Schupp I: The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA Consortium. BMC Genomics. 2007 Oct 31;8:399. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-399.
Pubmed: 17974005
Highlighted elements will appear in red.
Highlight Compounds
Highlight Proteins
Enter relative concentration values (without units). Elements will be highlighted in a color gradient where red = lowest concentration and green = highest concentration. For the best results, view the pathway in Black and White.
Visualize Compound Data
Visualize Protein Data
Downloads
Settings