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Pathway Description
D-Glucarate and D-Galactarate Degradation
Escherichia coli IAI39
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2024-12-20
Last Updated: 2025-08-11
Galactarate is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid analog of D-galactose. E. coli can use both diacid sugars galactarate and D-glucarate as the sole source of carbon for growth. The initial step in the degradation of galactarate is its dehydration to 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate(2--) by galactarate dehydratase. Glucaric acid can also be dehydrated by a glucarate dehydratase resulting in water and 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate(2--). The 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate(2--) is then metabolized by a alpha-dehydro-beta-deoxy-D-glucarate aldolase resulting in pyruvic acid and a tartonate semialdehyde. Pyruvic acid interacts with coenzyme A through a NAD driven Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide, an NADH and an acetyl-CoA. The tartronate semialdehyde interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven tartronate semialdehyde reductase resulting in a NADP and a glyceric acid. The glyceric acid is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven glycerate kinase 2 resulting in an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a 2-phosphoglyceric acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by an enolase resulting in the release of water and a phosphoenolpyruvic acid. The phosphoenolpyruvic acid interacts with a hydrogen ion through an ADP driven pyruvate kinase resulting in an ATP and a pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then interacts with water and an ATP through a phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, a phosphate, an AMP and a Phosphoenolpyruvic acid.
References
D-Glucarate and D-Galactarate Degradation References
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Spring TG, Wold F: The purification and characterization of Escherichia coli enolase. J Biol Chem. 1971 Nov 25;246(22):6797-802.
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Dannelly HK, Duclos B, Cozzone AJ, Reeves HC: Phosphorylation of Escherichia coli enolase. Biochimie. 1989 Sep-Oct;71(9-10):1095-100. doi: 10.1016/0300-9084(89)90116-8.
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Chandran V, Luisi BF: Recognition of enolase in the Escherichia coli RNA degradosome. J Mol Biol. 2006 Apr 21;358(1):8-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.02.012. Epub 2006 Feb 21.
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Ohara O, Dorit RL, Gilbert W: Direct genomic sequencing of bacterial DNA: the pyruvate kinase I gene of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(18):6883-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.18.6883.
Pubmed: 2674937
Hensel M, Shea JE, Baumler AJ, Gleeson C, Blattner F, Holden DW: Analysis of the boundaries of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 and the corresponding chromosomal region of Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol. 1997 Feb;179(4):1105-11. doi: 10.1128/jb.179.4.1105-1111.1997.
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Aiba H, Baba T, Hayashi K, Inada T, Isono K, Itoh T, Kasai H, Kashimoto K, Kimura S, Kitakawa M, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Miki T, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Mori T, Motomura K, Nakade S, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Nishio Y, Oshima T, Saito N, Sampei G, Horiuchi T, et al.: A 570-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 28.0-40.1 min region on the linkage map. DNA Res. 1996 Dec 31;3(6):363-77. doi: 10.1093/dnares/3.6.363.
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Itoh T, Aiba H, Baba T, Hayashi K, Inada T, Isono K, Kasai H, Kimura S, Kitakawa M, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Miki T, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Mori T, Motomura K, Nakade S, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Nishio Y, Oshima T, Saito N, Sampei G, Seki Y, Horiuchi T, et al.: A 460-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 40.1-50.0 min region on the linkage map. DNA Res. 1996 Dec 31;3(6):379-92. doi: 10.1093/dnares/3.6.379.
Pubmed: 9097040
This pathway was propagated using PathWhiz -
Pon, A. et al. Pathways with PathWhiz (2015) Nucleic Acids Res. 43(Web Server issue): W552–W559.
Propagated from SMP0000816
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