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Pathway Description
L-Glutamate Metabolism
Escherichia coli O6:H1 (strain CFT073 / ATCC 700928 / UPEC)
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2025-03-12
Last Updated: 2025-05-08
There are various ways by which glutamate enters the cytoplasm in E.coli, such as through a glutamate:sodium symporter, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP or a
glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter. Similarly, there are various ways by which E. coli synthesizes glutamate from L-glutamine or oxoglutaric acid. L-glutamine, introduced into the cytoplasm by glutamine ABC transporter, can either interact with glutaminase resulting in ammonia and L-glutamic acid, or react with oxoglutaric acid, and hydrogen ion through an NADPH driven glutamate synthase resulting in L-glutamic acid. L-glutamic acid is metabolized into L-glutamine by reacting with ammonium through a ATP driven glutamine synthase. L-glutamic acid can also be metabolized into L-aspartic acid by reacting with oxalacetic acid through an aspartate transaminase resulting in an oxoglutaric acid and L-aspartic acid. L-aspartic acid is metabolized into fumaric acid through an aspartate ammonia-lyase. Fumaric acid can be introduced into the cytoplasm through 3 methods: dicarboxylate transporter, C4 dicarboxylate / C4 monocarboxylate transporter DauA, and C4 dicarboxylate / orotate:H+ symporter.
References
L-Glutamate Metabolism References
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Hayashi K, Morooka N, Yamamoto Y, Fujita K, Isono K, Choi S, Ohtsubo E, Baba T, Wanner BL, Mori H, Horiuchi T: Highly accurate genome sequences of Escherichia coli K-12 strains MG1655 and W3110. Mol Syst Biol. 2006;2:2006.0007. doi: 10.1038/msb4100049. Epub 2006 Feb 21.
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McPherson MJ, Wootton JC: Complete nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli gdhA gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Aug 11;11(15):5257-66. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.15.5257.
Pubmed: 6308576
Jones KM, McPherson MJ, Baron AJ, Mattaj IW, Riordan CL, Wootton JC: The gdhA1 point mutation in Escherichia coli K12 CLR207 alters a key lysine residue of glutamate dehydrogenase. Mol Gen Genet. 1993 Aug;240(2):286-9. doi: 10.1007/bf00277068.
Pubmed: 8355660
Valle F, Becerril B, Chen E, Seeburg P, Heyneker H, Bolivar F: Complete nucleotide sequence of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene from Escherichia coli K-12. Gene. 1984 Feb;27(2):193-9. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(84)90140-9.
Pubmed: 6373501
Woods SA, Miles JS, Roberts RE, Guest JR: Structural and functional relationships between fumarase and aspartase. Nucleotide sequences of the fumarase (fumC) and aspartase (aspA) genes of Escherichia coli K12. Biochem J. 1986 Jul 15;237(2):547-57. doi: 10.1042/bj2370547.
Pubmed: 3541901
Takagi JS, Ida N, Tokushige M, Sakamoto H, Shimura Y: Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the aspartase gene of Escherichia coli W. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Mar 25;13(6):2063-74. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.6.2063.
Pubmed: 2987841
Burland V, Plunkett G 3rd, Sofia HJ, Daniels DL, Blattner FR: Analysis of the Escherichia coli genome VI: DNA sequence of the region from 92.8 through 100 minutes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1995 Jun 25;23(12):2105-19. doi: 10.1093/nar/23.12.2105.
Pubmed: 7610040
Waterman SR, Small PL: Transcriptional expression of Escherichia coli glutamate-dependent acid resistance genes gadA and gadBC in an hns rpoS mutant. J Bacteriol. 2003 Aug;185(15):4644-7. doi: 10.1128/jb.185.15.4644-4647.2003.
Pubmed: 12867478
Smith DK, Kassam T, Singh B, Elliott JF: Escherichia coli has two homologous glutamate decarboxylase genes that map to distinct loci. J Bacteriol. 1992 Sep;174(18):5820-6. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.18.5820-5826.1992.
Pubmed: 1522060
Maras B, Sweeney G, Barra D, Bossa F, John RA: The amino acid sequence of glutamate decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. Evolutionary relationship between mammalian and bacterial enzymes. Eur J Biochem. 1992 Feb 15;204(1):93-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16609.x.
Pubmed: 1740158
Sofia HJ, Burland V, Daniels DL, Plunkett G 3rd, Blattner FR: Analysis of the Escherichia coli genome. V. DNA sequence of the region from 76.0 to 81.5 minutes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Jul 11;22(13):2576-86. doi: 10.1093/nar/22.13.2576.
Pubmed: 8041620
Velazquez L, Camarena L, Reyes JL, Bastarrachea F: Mutations affecting the Shine-Dalgarno sequences of the untranslated region of the Escherichia coli gltBDF operon. J Bacteriol. 1991 May;173(10):3261-4. doi: 10.1128/jb.173.10.3261-3264.1991.
Pubmed: 1673677
Oliver G, Gosset G, Sanchez-Pescador R, Lozoya E, Ku LM, Flores N, Becerril B, Valle F, Bolivar F: Determination of the nucleotide sequence for the glutamate synthase structural genes of Escherichia coli K-12. Gene. 1987;60(1):1-11. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90207-1.
Pubmed: 3326786
Miranda-Rios J, Sanchez-Pescador R, Urdea M, Covarrubias AA: The complete nucleotide sequence of the glnALG operon of Escherichia coli K12. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Mar 25;15(6):2757-70. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.6.2757.
Pubmed: 2882477
Covarrubias AA, Bastarrachea F: Nucleotide sequence of the glnA control region of Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet. 1983;190(1):171-5. doi: 10.1007/bf00330342.
Pubmed: 6134228
Reitzer LJ, Magasanik B: Expression of glnA in Escherichia coli is regulated at tandem promoters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Apr;82(7):1979-83. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.7.1979.
Pubmed: 2858855
This pathway was propagated using PathWhiz -
Pon, A. et al. Pathways with PathWhiz (2015) Nucleic Acids Res. 43(Web Server issue): W552–W559.
Propagated from SMP0000811
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