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Pathway Description
L-Glutamate Metabolism
Escherichia coli
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2015-03-02
Last Updated: 2025-07-30
There are various ways by which glutamate enters the cytoplasm in E.coli, such as through a glutamate:sodium symporter, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP or a
glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter. Similarly, there are various ways by which E. coli synthesizes glutamate from L-glutamine or oxoglutaric acid. L-glutamine, introduced into the cytoplasm by glutamine ABC transporter, can either interact with glutaminase resulting in ammonia and L-glutamic acid, or react with oxoglutaric acid, and hydrogen ion through an NADPH driven glutamate synthase resulting in L-glutamic acid. L-glutamic acid is metabolized into L-glutamine by reacting with ammonium through a ATP driven glutamine synthase. L-glutamic acid can also be metabolized into L-aspartic acid by reacting with oxalacetic acid through an aspartate transaminase resulting in an oxoglutaric acid and L-aspartic acid. L-aspartic acid is metabolized into fumaric acid through an aspartate ammonia-lyase. Fumaric acid can be introduced into the cytoplasm through 3 methods: dicarboxylate transporter, C4 dicarboxylate / C4 monocarboxylate transporter DauA, and C4 dicarboxylate / orotate:H+ symporter.
References
L-Glutamate Metabolism References
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Stadtman E. R (2004) "Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase Activity." EcoSal 3.6.1.6
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Pubmed: 2882477
Covarrubias AA, Bastarrachea F: Nucleotide sequence of the glnA control region of Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet. 1983;190(1):171-5. doi: 10.1007/bf00330342.
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Reitzer LJ, Magasanik B: Expression of glnA in Escherichia coli is regulated at tandem promoters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Apr;82(7):1979-83. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.7.1979.
Pubmed: 2858855
Aiba H, Baba T, Hayashi K, Inada T, Isono K, Itoh T, Kasai H, Kashimoto K, Kimura S, Kitakawa M, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Miki T, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Mori T, Motomura K, Nakade S, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Nishio Y, Oshima T, Saito N, Sampei G, Horiuchi T, et al.: A 570-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 28.0-40.1 min region on the linkage map. DNA Res. 1996 Dec 31;3(6):363-77. doi: 10.1093/dnares/3.6.363.
Pubmed: 9097039
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Pubmed: 9278503
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Pubmed: 16738553
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Pubmed: 18723842
McPherson MJ, Wootton JC: Complete nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli gdhA gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Aug 11;11(15):5257-66. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.15.5257.
Pubmed: 6308576
Jones KM, McPherson MJ, Baron AJ, Mattaj IW, Riordan CL, Wootton JC: The gdhA1 point mutation in Escherichia coli K12 CLR207 alters a key lysine residue of glutamate dehydrogenase. Mol Gen Genet. 1993 Aug;240(2):286-9. doi: 10.1007/bf00277068.
Pubmed: 8355660
Valle F, Becerril B, Chen E, Seeburg P, Heyneker H, Bolivar F: Complete nucleotide sequence of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene from Escherichia coli K-12. Gene. 1984 Feb;27(2):193-9. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(84)90140-9.
Pubmed: 6373501
Kuramitsu S, Okuno S, Ogawa T, Ogawa H, Kagamiyama H: Aspartate aminotransferase of Escherichia coli: nucleotide sequence of the aspC gene. J Biochem. 1985 Apr;97(4):1259-62. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a135173.
Pubmed: 3897210
Fotheringham IG, Dacey SA, Taylor PP, Smith TJ, Hunter MG, Finlay ME, Primrose SB, Parker DM, Edwards RM: The cloning and sequence analysis of the aspC and tyrB genes from Escherichia coli K12. Comparison of the primary structures of the aspartate aminotransferase and aromatic aminotransferase of E. coli with those of the pig aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Biochem J. 1986 Mar 15;234(3):593-604. doi: 10.1042/bj2340593.
Pubmed: 3521591
Kondo K, Wakabayashi S, Yagi T, Kagamiyama H: The complete amino acid sequence of aspartate aminotransferase from Escherichia coli: sequence comparison with pig isoenzymes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Jul 18;122(1):62-7. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)90439-x.
Pubmed: 6378205
Woods SA, Miles JS, Roberts RE, Guest JR: Structural and functional relationships between fumarase and aspartase. Nucleotide sequences of the fumarase (fumC) and aspartase (aspA) genes of Escherichia coli K12. Biochem J. 1986 Jul 15;237(2):547-57. doi: 10.1042/bj2370547.
Pubmed: 3541901
Takagi JS, Ida N, Tokushige M, Sakamoto H, Shimura Y: Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the aspartase gene of Escherichia coli W. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Mar 25;13(6):2063-74. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.6.2063.
Pubmed: 2987841
Burland V, Plunkett G 3rd, Sofia HJ, Daniels DL, Blattner FR: Analysis of the Escherichia coli genome VI: DNA sequence of the region from 92.8 through 100 minutes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1995 Jun 25;23(12):2105-19. doi: 10.1093/nar/23.12.2105.
Pubmed: 7610040
Velazquez L, Camarena L, Reyes JL, Bastarrachea F: Mutations affecting the Shine-Dalgarno sequences of the untranslated region of the Escherichia coli gltBDF operon. J Bacteriol. 1991 May;173(10):3261-4. doi: 10.1128/jb.173.10.3261-3264.1991.
Pubmed: 1673677
Oliver G, Gosset G, Sanchez-Pescador R, Lozoya E, Ku LM, Flores N, Becerril B, Valle F, Bolivar F: Determination of the nucleotide sequence for the glutamate synthase structural genes of Escherichia coli K-12. Gene. 1987;60(1):1-11. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90207-1.
Pubmed: 3326786
Oshima T, Aiba H, Baba T, Fujita K, Hayashi K, Honjo A, Ikemoto K, Inada T, Itoh T, Kajihara M, Kanai K, Kashimoto K, Kimura S, Kitagawa M, Makino K, Masuda S, Miki T, Mizobuchi K, Mori H, Motomura K, Nakamura Y, Nashimoto H, Nishio Y, Saito N, Horiuchi T, et al.: A 718-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 12.7-28.0 min region on the linkage map. DNA Res. 1996 Jun 30;3(3):137-55. doi: 10.1093/dnares/3.3.137.
Pubmed: 8905232
This pathway was propagated using PathWhiz -
Pon, A. et al. Pathways with PathWhiz (2015) Nucleic Acids Res. 43(Web Server issue): W552–W559.
Propagated from SMP0000811
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