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Pathway Description
Warburg Effect
Caenorhabditis elegans
Category:
Metabolite Pathway
Sub-Category:
Metabolic
Created: 2018-08-10
Last Updated: 2019-08-16
The Warburg Effect refers to the phenomenon that occurs in most cancer cells where instead of generating energy with a low rate of glycolysis followed by oxidizing pyruvate via the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, the pyruvate from a high rate of glycolysis undergoes lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol. As the Krebs cycle is an aerobic process, in normal cells lactate production is reserved for anaerobic conditions. However, cancer cells preferentially utilize glucose for lactate production via this “aerobic glycolysis”, even when oxygen is plentiful. The Warburg Effect is thought to be the result of mutations to oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. It may be an adaptation to low-oxygen environments within tumors, the result of cancer genes shutting down the mitochondria, or a mechanism to aid cell proliferation via increased glycolysis. The Warburg Effect involves numerous pathways, including growth factor stimulation, transcriptional activation, and glycolysis promotion.
References
Warburg Effect References
Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology. Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):2012-8. doi: 10.1126/science.282.5396.2012.
Pubmed: 9851916
Inoue T, Yatsuki H, Kusakabe T, Joh K, Takasaki Y, Nikoh N, Miyata T, Hori K: Caenorhabditis elegans has two isozymic forms, CE-1 and CE-2, of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase which are encoded by different genes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Mar 1;339(1):226-34. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1996.9813.
Pubmed: 9056253
Huang XY, Barrios LA, Vonkhorporn P, Honda S, Albertson DG, Hecht RM: Genomic organization of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene family of Caenorhabditis elegans. J Mol Biol. 1989 Apr 5;206(3):411-24. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(89)90490-7.
Pubmed: 2716055
Bini L, Heid H, Liberatori S, Geier G, Pallini V, Zwilling R: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of Caenorhabditis elegans homogenates and identification of protein spots by microsequencing. Electrophoresis. 1997 Mar-Apr;18(3-4):557-62. doi: 10.1002/elps.1150180337.
Pubmed: 9150941
Liao VH, Freedman JH: Characterization of a cadmium-inducible isoform of pyruvate carboxylase from Caenorhabditis elegans. DNA Seq. 2001;12(2):137-45.
Pubmed: 11761713
Wirth M, Karaca S, Wenzel D, Ho L, Tishkoff D, Lombard DB, Verdin E, Urlaub H, Jedrusik-Bode M, Fischle W: Mitochondrial SIRT4-type proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals interact with pyruvate carboxylase and other acetylated biotin-dependent carboxylases. Mitochondrion. 2013 Nov;13(6):705-20. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.02.002. Epub 2013 Feb 21.
Pubmed: 23438705
Tsoi SC, Li SS: The nucleotide and deduced amino-acid sequences of a cDNA encoding lactate dehydrogenase from Caenorhabditis elegans: the evolutionary relationships of lactate dehydrogenases from mammals, birds, amphibian, fish, nematode, plants, bacteria, mycoplasma, and plasmodium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Nov 30;205(1):558-64. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2701.
Pubmed: 7999079
Mannen H, Li SS: The lactate dehydrogenase gene from nematode Caenorhabditis elegans contains only two of six introns conserved in the protein-encoding sequence of LDH genes from bird and mammals. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1995 Dec;37(6):1057-61.
Pubmed: 8747535
Wilson R, Ainscough R, Anderson K, Baynes C, Berks M, Bonfield J, Burton J, Connell M, Copsey T, Cooper J, et al.: 2.2 Mb of contiguous nucleotide sequence from chromosome III of C. elegans. Nature. 1994 Mar 3;368(6466):32-8. doi: 10.1038/368032a0.
Pubmed: 7906398
This pathway was propagated using PathWhiz -
Pon, A. et al. Pathways with PathWhiz (2015) Nucleic Acids Res. 43(Web Server issue): W552–W559.
Propagated from SMP0000654
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